Copper induced iron deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L)

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to study the interaction effects of phosphorus and copper on wheat. The soils used were calcareous loamy sand (ls) and non calcareous sandy loam (sl). Four levels of Cu (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg Cu kg⁻¹ soil) and six levels of P (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg P kg⁻¹ soil) were applied in all possible combinations with three replications. Soil pH decreased with Cu application while Olsen P increased with P application in both soils. Growth and yield of wheat improved significantly with graded levels of applied P. However, when any level of P was combined with 20 mg Cu kg⁻¹ soil, severe iron chlorosis of leaves, a drastic reduction in growth and chlorophyll content was observed in calcareous ls only. The results indicated that it was Cu and not P that induced Fe deficiency in wheat grown in alkaline calcareous soil and the Cu requirement of the crop seemed to be much lower in the calcareous ls. Root dry matter, grain and straw yield decreased with increasing levels of applied Cu in ls but in sl maximum increase of 62.5, 74.3 and 63.7 per cent in root, grain and straw yield was observed with a combined application of 400 mg P and 5 mg Cu kg⁻¹ soil over control. Accumulation of Cu in roots decreased the Fe absorption by roots which indicated that Fe chlorosis of wheat leaves is expected when Cu: Fe concentration ratio in root is > 0.30.

Keywords:

• chlorosis
• copper
• iron
• phosphorus
• ratio
• wheat