Walnut Oil Nanoemulsion: Optimization of the Emulsion Capacity, Cloudiness, Density, and Surface Tension

Abstract

Response surface methodology (RSM) in conjunction with central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to find out the influence of preparation properties of walnut oil/water nanoemulsion namely ultrasonic time (5–15 minutes), walnut oil content (4–10% w/w) and concentration ratio of Span 80 to Tween 80 (K ₀, 0.55–0.80) on response variables including emulsion capacity, cloudiness, density and surface tension. The calculated regression models with high value of coefficient of determination (0.910–0.973) and insignificant lack of fit test indicated satisfactory agreement of empirical models with experimental observations. The results revealed linear term of walnut oil concentration was the most significant (p < 0.05) parameter on the all responses. The overall optimum region to achieve the ideal characteristics was ultrasonic time of 11.74 minutes, walnut oil content of 4.00% (w/w) and K ₀ of 0.80.

Keywords:

• Emulsion capacity
• response surface methodology (RSM)
• surface tension
• ultrasound
• walnut oil

Notes

O: Observed value of each response.

P: Predicted value of each response.

E%: Percentage error.

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