Anti – intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) nanoparticles for damaged endothelium to treat venous thromboembolism

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potentially fatal vascular disease that can be successfully managed to reduce the risk of mortality and impairment. Anticoagulation therapy is frequently recommended for the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Despite breakthroughs in anticoagulant therapy using parenteral anticoagulant medications and vitamin K antagonists, limits in their usage persist, prompting research into alternative anticoagulants such as factor Xa inhibitors. Of the agents under development, edoxaban shows the most promise due to strong data confirming its therapeutic benefit for VTE. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems (NDDS) are designed technologies that employ nanoparticles to convey therapeutic drugs in a targeted and regulated manner. Intraendothelial transport of therapies in VTE is facilitated by the induction of cell adhesion molecule-mediated endocytosis upon interaction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on endothelium cells by ICAM-1-targeted carriers. The potential application of NDDS as nanoparticles as anticoagulant agents has been emphasized. There is proof of outstanding efficacy in preventing blood coagulation, dissolving blood clots, and improving in vivo detection of thrombus. These nanoplatforms’ growing evaluations, strong action, enhanced biocompatibility, and lack of problems from excessive bleeding are all positive signs of their possible integration in the clinical treatment of blood coagulation diseases in the future. Additionally, by avoiding biological barriers and enhancing a medication’s therapeutic index, NDDSs offer superior drug delivery to targeted treatment or even directly to the injured site as compared to standard anticoagulants. Emerging scientific and clinical data suggests that NDDS may be a safe, efficacious, and attractive treatment option for a variety of cardiovascular disorders, including thromboembolic syndromes. This study presents an updated knowledge of nanocarriers for thrombosis as well as an outline of recent significant breakthroughs in targeted thrombosis therapy.

Keywords:

• Anticoagulants
• thrombosis
• nanomedicines
• Endothelium
• Edoxaban

Disclosure statement

No potential competing interest was reported by the authors.