A tale of service regimes in irrigated urban agriculture: evidence from two cities in the Global South

Figures & data

Table 1. Summarizing characteristics of sector and service reginmes and UIA practices in Khulna and Arusha.

Characteristics of Water and Agricultural Sector Regimes	Khulna	Arusha
	Formal institutions, policies and infrastructures
Sector regimes for irrigated urban agriculture in Khulna and Arusha	Khulna Water and Sewarage Authority, Department of Environment; formal legislation, (but poor enforcement) for land-use, sanitation, food production	Arusha Urban Water supply and Sanitation Authority and the municipal Urban Planning, Health and Environment and Agricultural departments; formal legislation for land use, sanitation, food production, poorly enforced
Service Regimes	Whole of the following agricultural, sanitation and food marketing practices, materials and (informal) rule sets in place:
Irrigated urban agriculture practices in Khulna and Arusha	At semi-secured spaces in the peri-urban areas connected to drains: Producing rice and seasonal vegetables Regularly pumping polluted water from rivers and drains, aware of health risks	At open spaces along river sides: Producing leafy vegetables Irregular and manually pumping and applying contaminated river water, low risk awareness
Sanitation practices in Khulna and Arusha	Manually discharging sludge in drains	Use of floods to empty latrines
Marketing practices in Khulna and Arusha	Directly selling produce at local markets	Daily production sold at semi-wholesale markets

Figure 1. Interrelationships among practices, service regimes and sector regimes (adapted to irrigated agriculture, based on Geels (2002) and Van Welie et al. (2018)).

Figure 2. Maps of case study areas in Khulna (left) and Arusha (right) (constructed by authors).

Geels, F. W. (2002). Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: A multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research Policy, 31(8–9), 1257–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00062-8

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van Welie, M. J., Cherunya, P. C., Truffer, B., & Murphy, J. T. (2018). Analysing transition pathways in developing cities: The case of Nairobi’s splintered sanitation regime. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 137, 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.059

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