Efficacy beliefs regarding purchases of environmentally friendly products on holiday

Figures & data

Table 1. Items and answer scales

Purchasing behaviour (1 = Never, 7 = Always)

I purchase organic food.^a

I purchase refillable products.^a

I purchase bio-degradable products.^a

Goal attractiveness (1 = Strongly disagree, 7 = Strongly agree)

I would like to reduce negative environmental impacts that result from my personal behaviour as a tourist.^b

Tourists should do more in order to help preserve the environment.^b

Environmental preservation should not be a priority for tourists at this time.^b†

Behavioural self-efficacy (1 = Strongly disagree, 7 = Strongly agree)

I can purchase organic food, although this might take more time.

I am confident that I can buy refillable products, despite the fact that these alternatives could be more expensive.

I can buy bio-degradable products, even if this would take more of an effort than buying conventional alternatives.

Behavioural collective efficacy (1 = Strongly disagree, 7 = Strongly agree)

We as tourists can purchase organic food, although this might take more time.

I am confident that we as tourists can buy refillable products, despite the fact that these alternatives could be more expensive.

We as tourists can buy bio-degradable products, even if this would take more of an effort than buying conventional alternatives.

Goal self-efficacy (1 = Strongly disagree, 7 = Strongly agree)

If I purchase organic food, then I can make a significant contribution towards protecting the environment.

By buying refillable products, I can make an important contribution in mitigating environmental problems.

By buying bio-degradable products, I can contribute meaningfully to help preserve the environment.

Goal collective efficacy (1 = Strongly disagree, 7 = Strongly agree)

If we as tourists purchase organic food, then we can together make a significant contribution towards protecting the environment.

By buying refillable products, we as tourists can together make an important contribution in mitigating environmental problems.

By buying bio-degradable products, we as tourists can together contribute meaningfully to help preserve the environment.

^a Adopted from Miao and Wei (2013).

^b Adapted from Carrico and Riemer (2011).

†Excluded from the reported analyses.

Table 2. Means and standard deviations.

	Organic food				Refillable products				Bio-degradable products
Efficacy facets	n	M	SD	95% CI	n	M	SD	95% CI	n	M	SD	95% CI
Purchasing behaviour	546	3.20	1.68	[3.06, 3.34]	543	3.54	1.76	[3.39, 3.69]	540	3.30	1.66	[3.16, 3.44]
Goal attractiveness	537	5.66	1.29	[5.56, 5.77]	537	5.66	1.29	[5.56, 5.77]	537	5.66	1.29	[5.56, 5.77]
Behavioural self-efficacy	529	3.99	1.53	[3.86, 4.13]	530	4.15	1.53	[4.02, 4.29]	529	3.98	1.53	[3.85, 4.11]
Behavioural collective efficacy	509	4.24	1.49	[4.11, 4.37]	508	4.34	1.46	[4.22, 4.47]	508	4.28	1.47	[4.16, 4.41]
Goal self-efficacy	529	4.50	1.63	[4.36, 4.64]	532	4.76	1.58	[4.63, 4.90]	530	4.79	1.59	[4.65, 4.92]
Goal collective efficacy	510	4.70	1.52	[4.57, 4.84]	511	4.88	1.50	[4.75, 5.01]	510	4.89	1.54	[4.76, 5.03]

Note: Higher values indicated a more frequent purchasing behaviour (1 = Never, 7 = Always) or a more pronounced facet of efficacy beliefs (1 = Strongly disagree, 7 = Strongly agree). CI = confidence interval for M.

Table 3. Bivariate correlations.

	1	2	3	4	5	6
Organic food
1. Purchasing behaviour	–
2. Goal attractiveness	.18***	–
3. Behavioural self-efficacy	.34***	.28***	–
4. Behavioural collective efficacy	.28***	.35***	.55***	–
5. Goal self-efficacy	.29***	.39***	.48***	.44***	–
6. Goal collective efficacy	.26***	.42***	.39***	.58***	.63***	–
Refillable products
1. Purchasing behaviour	–
2. Goal attractiveness	.21***	–
3. Behavioural self-efficacy	.43***	.35***	–
4. Behavioural collective efficacy	.28***	.40***	.54***	–
5. Goal self-efficacy	.25***	.45***	.55***	.47***	–
6. Goal collective efficacy	.26***	.50***	.41***	.69***	.64***	–
Bio-degradable products
1. Purchasing behaviour	–
2. Goal attractiveness	.26***	–
3. Behavioural self-efficacy	.41***	.37***	–
4. Behavioural collective efficacy	.37***	.38***	.60***	–
5. Goal self-efficacy	.37***	.47***	.55***	.51***	–
6. Goal collective efficacy	.33***	.48***	.44***	.65***	.68***	–

Note: Pearson correlations. Listwise deletion. N = 500 for organic food, N = 501 for refillable products, N = 500 for bio-degradable products.

***p < .001

Table 4. Multiple regressions.

	Organic food			Refillable products			Bio-degradable products
	B	95% CI	β	B	95% CI	β	B	95% CI	β
Step 1
Constant	1.85	[1.19, 2.52]		1.90	[1.20, 2.59]		1.41	[0.77, 2.05]
Goal attractiveness	0.24	[0.12, 0.35]	0.18***	0.30	[0.18, 0.42]	0.21***	0.34	[0.23, 0.45]	0.26***
R^2		0.03			0.05			0.07
R^2Adjusted		0.03			0.04			0.07
F		16.73***			23.76***			35.98***
Step 2
Constant	0.92	[0.25, 1.59]		0.98	[0.30, 1.66]		0.53	[−0.09, 1.15]
Goal attractiveness	0.04	[−0.08, 0.16]	0.03	0.06	[−0.07, 0.19]	0.04	0.06	[−0.06, 0.18]	0.04
Behavioural self-efficacy	0.24	[0.13, 0.36]	0.22***	0.47	[0.35, 0.59]	0.41***	0.25	[0.14, 0.37]	0.23***
Behavioural collective efficacy	0.09	[−0.04, 0.21]	0.08	0.00	[−0.15, 0.14]	0.00	0.14	[0.01, 0.27]	0.12*
Goal self-efficacy	0.11	[−0.01, 0.22]	0.10	−0.07	[−0.20, 0.06]	−0.07	0.14	[0.02, 0.26]	0.14*
Goal collective efficacy	0.05	[−0.08, 0.18]	0.05	0.14	[−0.02, 0.29]	0.12	0.04	[−0.10, 0.17]	0.04
R^2		0.15			0.20			0.22
R^2Adjusted		0.14			0.19			0.21
F		16.81***			24.18***			27.21***

Note: Listwise deletion. N = 500 for organic food, N = 501 for refillable products, N = 500 for bio-degradable products. VIF values (after Step 2) ranged between 1.28 and 2.72 across the three models. CI = confidence interval for B.

***p < .001. *p < .05.

Miao, L., & Wei, W. (2013). Consumers’ pro-environmental behavior and the underlying motivations: A comparison between household and hotel settings. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.008

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Carrico, A. R., & Riemer, M. (2011). Motivating energy conservation in the workplace: An evaluation of the use of group-level feedback and peer education. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.11.004

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