Angels of the night: exploring street-aid volunteer tourists and faith-based volunteer tourism

Figures & data

Table 1. The VFI.

Function	Definition
Values	The opportunity to express one’s values and or extend values to another
Social	The opportunity to meet people and/or spend time with current family and friends
Understanding	Permits new learning experiences and/or acts as a means of exercising existing skills
Enhancement	Acts as a means of developing one’s ego. e.g. promotion of own happiness
Protective	Acts as a means of protecting one’s ego. e.g. the avoidance of feelings such as guilt
Career	Advancement benefits or personal development

Note: Devised from the work of Clary et al. (1998).

Table 2. The enhanced VFI.

Function	Definition
Religiosity	The opportunity to express one’s religious values and/or extend religious values and beliefs to another
Values	The opportunity to express one’s values and/or extend values to another
Social	The opportunity to meet people and/or spend time with current family and friends
Enjoyment	Permits the volunteers to have fun while working
Team Building	The opportunity to work within a team towards a common goal
Generativity	The opportunity to contribute to society, help future generations and/or express concern for the welfare of others
Enhancement	Permits new learning experiences and/or acts as a means of exercising existing skills
Understanding	Acts as a means of developing one’s ego, e.g. promotion own happiness
Protective	Acts as a means of protecting one’s ego, e.g. the avoidance of feelings, such as guilt
Career	Advancements, benefits, or personal development

Note: Devised from the work of Allison et al. (2002); Clary et al. (1998); Clerkin and Swiss (2013); Musick and Wilson (2008); and Snyder and Clary (2004).

Table 3. Profile of participants.

P	Age, Gender, Nationality	Denomination	Occupation	Role within Organisation	Destination of Experience	Organisation
1	59, M, British	Anglican	Nurse Manager	Manager	Yarra, Australia	A
2	50, F, UK	Not specified	Marketing Director	Manager	Magaluf, Spain	B
3	41, M, Dutch	Not specified	PT Website Designer	Director	Various	C
4	27, M, UK	Church of Scotland	IT security	Volunteer	Magaluf, Spain	A
5	36, F, Irish	Catholic	Restaurant Manager	Volunteer	Malia, Greece	A
6	34, M, Australia	Orthodox	Business Owner	Volunteer	Glasgow, UK	C
7	21, F, Greece	Orthodox	Student-History	Volunteer	Cambridge, UK	B
8	38, F, Austria	Catholic	Human Resources Manager	Volunteer	Magaluf, Spain	A
9	58, M, UK	Anglican	Teacher	Volunteer	Koh Pha Ngan, Thailand	C
10	62, F, Australia	Not Specified	Retired Police Officer	Volunteer	Various	B
11	31, M, UK	Catholic	Hotel Manager	Volunteer	Various	B

Table 4. Street aid volunteer organisations.

	Company A	Company B	Company C
Structure	Shift work. Free time outside of volunteering in the evening. No volunteer restriction period.	Shift work. Free time outside of volunteering in the evening. No volunteer restriction period.	Daily structured programme: faith-based activities, self-reflection exercises and volunteering in the evening.
Costs for Volunteers	Self-funded: flights, food, accommodation, insurance, and any other costs – as well as a small programme fee.	Self-funded: flights, food, accommodation, insurance, and any other costs – must source own accommodation	Single fee (£ 300-600) covers cost of accommodation, food, evangelistic materials, bedlinen, local transportation, insurance, and reservation costs
Requirements	Interdenominational organisation but must be Christian. Belong to a church, over 18, friendly, and go through multiple checks: working with children, DBS, and referencing.	Interdenominational organisation but invite secular individuals and different faiths – all must be accepting and comfortable upholding Christian values.	Interdenominational organisation but must be Christian. Policies stating the way volunteers must behave toward other volunteers and party tourists
Training	12 training sessions at the destination. Individual safety, drug safety, community training – from the police, housing officers, social workers, and drug and alcohol advisors.	Absence of training. Rely upon the underlying values, compassion and goodwill implied in the volunteer’s intent to volunteer.	Training sessions held throughout the year; not compulsory but advised – new-comers often attend. A ‘team day’ in June. Process training session is held upon arrival.
Extra Costs	Training, uniforms, and night-time economy materials.	Stationery, bracelets, wristbands, flip flops, t-shirt printing, first aid bags, and uniform jackets.	Uniform t-shirts and barbecue materials
Funding (Organisation)	Costs are funded by volunteers. Volunteers unable to fund programme fee, can be sponsored or funded by Company A. Relies on volunteer donations and others supporting the cause.	Never held any type of fundraising but has received funding from the British Consulate upon bringing issues in the night-time economy to their attention.	Costs incurred are covered by donations, primarily by volunteers. Aims to secure more donations from party tourists when invited to their barbecue.

Table 5. Ranking the VFI functions.

Function	Definition	Traditional ranking	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11
Values	The opportunity to express one’s values and or extend values to another	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Social	The opportunity to meet people and/or spend time with current family and friends	2	2	2	2	3	2	2	3	3	4	3	2
Understanding	Permits new learning experiences and/or acts as a means of exercising existing skills	3	4	5	5	2	3	3	5	4	3	2	3
Enhancement	Acts as a means of developing one’s ego. e.g. promotion of own happiness	4	3	3	4	4	5	4	4	2	5	4	4
Protective	Acts as a means of protecting one’s ego. e.g. the avoidance of feelings such as guilt	5	5	4	3	5	4	5	2	5	2	5	5
Career	Advancement benefits or personal development	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

Table 6. Ranking functions on the enhanced VFI.

Function	Definition	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11
Religiosity	The opportunity to express one’s religious values and/or extend religious values and beliefs to another	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1
Values	The opportunity to express one’s values and/or extend values to another	2	2	2	2	2	1	2	2	2	2	2
Social	The opportunity to meet people and/or spend time with current family and friends	3	3	3	4	3	5	4	3	3	3	3
Enjoyment	Permits the volunteers to have fun while working	6	9	6	6	6	7	6	6	6	6	6
Team Building	The opportunity to work within a team towards a common goal	5	5	5	5	5	4	5	5	5	5	5
Generativity	The opportunity to contribute to society, help future generations and/or express concern for the welfare of others	4	4	4	3	4	3	3	4	4	4	4
Enhancement	Permits new learning experiences and/or acts as a means of exercising existing skills	7	7	7	7	7	9	7	8	7	7	7
Understanding	Acts as a means of developing one’s ego, e.g. promotion own happiness	8	6	8	10	9	6	8	7	8	8	8
Protective	Acts as a means of protecting one’s ego, e.g. the avoidance of feelings, such as guilt	9	8	10	8	10	8	7	9	9	9	9
Career	Advancements, benefits, or personal development	10	10	9	9	8	10	10	10	10	10	10

Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1516–1530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516

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Clerkin, R. M., & Swiss, J. E. (2013). Religious motivations and social service volunteers: The interaction of differing religious motivations, satisfaction, and repeat volunteering. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 9, 1–19.

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