Equity and social exclusion measures in EU lifelong learning policies

Figures & data

Table 1. Policy measures in lifelong learning.

	POLICY MEASURES
Measures encouraging individual participation	Support services	Guidance and counsellingMentorship and tutorshipAcademic preparation programmes Other
	Financial incentives	Direct subsidies to take part in education
		Scholarships
		Grants
		Loans
		Tuition reductions
		Living allowances
		Travel allowances
		Tax incentives
		Other
	Non-financial incentives	Social assistance support linked to participation in education or training programmes
		Training or study leave
		Other
	Advertising and recruitment	Advertising through media
		Advertising through other
		channels
		Earmarked places for
		different groupsUsing learners to recruit hard-to-reach groupsOther
Measures aimed at changing institutional delivery systems and methods	Creating new delivery agents	New kinds of institutionsNew delivery vehicles based in existing institutionsPartnerships between public, non-profit and private sectorOther
	New modes of delivery	Distance learning
		Delivery in workplaces
		Delivery in remote communities
		Part-time
		Modular
		Other
	Programmes	Basic skills programmes
		VET programmes
		Other programmes
	Changes in admissions	Prior learning recognition
		Preferential admissions for certain target groups
		Mature student status
		Other
	New modes of financing	Government funding
		Employer funding
		Individual funding
		Funding by ESF
		Funding by YEI
		Funding by Erasmus +
		Other
	New credentials
Measures aimed at broader social phenomena	Providing related services for learners	HousingChild careOther cross sectoral cooperation
	Legal measures to reduce discrimination

Source: Prepared by the authors based on Levin (2003).

Table 2. Interviews conducted by type of organisation.

Organisation	Interviewees
EU institution	2
International organisation	1
Non-governmental organisation	3

Source: Prepared by the authors.

Table 3. EU countries where number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion has risen.

	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Estonia	21,7	23,1	23,4	23,5	26,0	24,2	24,4	23,4
Greece	27,7	31,0	34,6	35,7	36,0	35,7	35,6	34,8
Spain	26,1	26,7	27,2	27,3	29,2	28,6	27,9	26,6
Italy	25,0	28,1	29,9	28,5	28,3	28,7	30,0	28,9
Cyprus	24,6	24,6	27,1	27,8	27,4	28,9	27,7	25,2
Luxembourg	17,1	16,8	18,4	19,0	19,0	18,5	19,8	21,5
Netherlands	15,1	15,7	15,0	15,9	16,5	16,4	16,7	17,0

Source: Eurostat [ilc_peps01].

Levin, B. (2003). Approaches to equity in policy for lifelong learning. A paper commissioned by the Education and Training Policy Division, OECD, for the Equity in Education Thematic Review. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/education/innovation-education/38692676.pdf

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