Making educational videos more engaging and enjoyable for all ages: an exploratory study on the influence of embedded questions

Figures & data

Figure 1. Speed of answering questions: both females (a; n= 74) and males (b; n=40) answered questions faster when they were positioned during videos than after videos (****,p<0.0001). The speed of answering questions was normalised vis log transformation. Bars represent age ranges (±SEM) and individual data points (grey circles) are shown.

Table 1. Overall comparison of attitudes to questions asked during vs after videos (ages and gender identities combined). Results show averages (out of 10; ±SEM) and Wilcoxon test statistics (Z & p). n = 114; *, p < 0.05.

Question	Mean Score (SEM) for Questions During (D) or After (A) Videos	Statistics
‘I enjoyed having to answer questions that were related to video content’.	D: 7.86 (0.23) A: 7.44 (0.21)	Z=−2.21 p=0.026*
I would have preferred not to answer any questions related to video content’.	D: 2.93 (0.26) A: 2.96 (0.26)	Z=−0.14 p=0.89
‘I concentrated on correctly answering questions that were related to video content’.	D: 8.49 (0.20) A: 8.31 (0.20)	Z=−1.78 p=0.075
‘I felt that answering the questions helped me to understand the video content’	D: 7.45 (0.26) A: 7.42 (0.24)	Z=−0.44 p=0.66
‘I wanted to achieve high marks for the questions I was asked’	D: 8.66 (0.21) A: 8.60 (0.21)	Z=−1.63 p=0.10
‘I am highly motivated to watch a video if questions are posed [during or after]’	D: 7.56 (0.25) A: 7.52 (0.24)	Z=−0.15 p=0.88

Figure 2. Comparison of attitudes to questions asked during vs after videos between males (n = 40) and females (n = 74). Statistics are presented in Table 2. Survey responses are scored out 10. Females are shown in white bars and males in black (±SEM). Grey circles represent individual data points. *, p < 0.05.

Table 2. Comparison of attitudes to questions asked during vs after videos between males (n = 40) and females (n = 74). Results are also presented in Figure 2. Mann-Whitney test statistics are shown in this table (U & p). *, p < 0.05.

Question	During Video Experience (males vs females)	After Video Experience (males vs females)
‘I enjoyed having to answer questions that were related to video content’.	U = 1117.5, p = 0.027*	U = 1387.5, p = 0.58
‘I would have preferred not to answer any questions related to video content’.	U = 1198.5, p = 0.070	U = 1372.5, p = 0.49
‘I concentrated on correctly answering questions that were related to video content’.	U = 1234, p = 0.12	U = 1366.5, p = 0.48
‘I felt that answering the questions helped me to understand the video content’	U = 1082, p = 0.015*	U = 1265, p = 0.19
‘I wanted to achieve high marks for the questions I was asked’	U = 1287.5, p = 0.20	U = 1330.5, p = 0.33
‘I am highly motivated to watch a video if questions are posed [during or after]’	U = 1183.5, p = 0.071	U = 1334, p = 0.38

Figure 3. Comparison of attitudes to questions asked during vs after videos across ages [25–34 (n=14), 35–44 (n=17), 45–54 (n=35), 55–64 (n=33), and 65–74 (n=15)]. Statistics are presented in Table 3. Survey responses are scored out 10. Bars represent average scores (±SEM). Grey circles represent individual data points. *, p<0.05.

Table 3. Comparison of attitudes to questions asked during vs after videos across age groups [25–34 (n = 14), 35–44 (n = 17), 45–54 (n = 35), 55–64 (n = 33), and 65–74 (n = 15)]. Results are also presented in Figure 3. Kruskal-Wallis H tests with Dunn multiple-comparison tests (for specific age ranges) are shown in this table. *p < 0.0001–0.05.

Question	During Video Experience (across ages)	After Video Experience (across ages)s
‘I enjoyed having to answer questions that were related to video content’.	H(4) = 7.63, p = 0.11	H(4) = 11.6, p = 0.021* 35–44 v 65–74, p = 0.0076
‘I would have preferred not to answer any questions related to video content’.	H(4) = 14.7, p = 0.005* 25–34 v 55–64, p = 0.0050	H(4) = 9.42, p = 0.052
‘I concentrated on correctly answering questions that were related to video content’.	H(4) = 18.9, p < 0.001* 25–34 v 35–44, p = 0.019 35–44 v 45–54, p = 0.0011	H(4) = 13.9, p = 0.008* 35–44 v 45–54, p = 0.0039
‘I felt that answering the questions helped me to understand the video content’	H(4) = 12.4, p = 0.014* 25–34 v 35–44, p = 0.024 25–34 v 55–64, p = 0.047	H(4) = 9.68, p = 0.046*
‘I wanted to achieve high marks for the questions I was asked’	H(4) = 16.5, p = 0.002* 25–34 v 35–44, p = 0.023 35–44 v 45–54, p = 0.0056	H(4) = 13.8, p = 0.008* 25–34 v 35–44, p = 0.024 35–44 v 45–54, p = 0.020
‘I am highly motivated to watch a video if questions are posed [during or after]’	H(4) = 2.48, p = 0.65	H(4) = 0.453, p = 0.98

Figure 4. Preference for questions posed during (score of 0/10) or after (score of 10/10) videos. Data compare either males vs females (a) or across ages (b). Bars represent average scores (±SEM). Grey circles represent individual data points. n=114. *, p<0.05.