A review of the characteristics of intermediate assessment and their relationship with student grades

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic overview of the search and selection process.

Table 1. Overview of information extracted from the articles included in the review.

Context variables	Assessment characteristics
Country	Type of assessment
	e.g. quiz, presentation, essay, cases
Discipline	Frequency of assessment
	e.g. weekly, single assessment, 8 assessments
N of students	Duration
Study Phase	Number and type of questions
e.g. first year, undergraduate	e.g. multiple choice, short answer
Use of control group	Scoring
	e.g. percentage of grade, performance score, bonus points
Cognitive Outcome Variable	Feedback
e.g. final examination score, GPA	e.g. elaborate, feedback form
Other variables in the research	Assessor
e.g. gender, comparing low and high achieving students	teacher, peers, self
Findings of the research	Medium
	e.g. computer, pen and paper
	Location
	In class, at home, anywhere
	Mandatory
	Other characteristics
	e.g. open book, reattempts

Table 2. Overview of most important assessment characteristics of the articles included in the review.

Assessment Type	Article	Country	Discipline	Frequency	Feedback	Mandatory	Assessor	Scoring
Bedside Assessment	Burch, Seggie, and Gary (2006)	ZA/US	Medical	1 per week	Structured Feedback Form	Yes	Clinician Educator	Rating, not contribute to grade
	Deane, Joyce, and Murphy (2015)	IE	Medical	5	Verbal feedback and feedback form	Yes	Facilitator	Rating, not contribute to grade
Case	Maley et al. (2008)	AU	Medical	No info	Model answers	No	No info	No info
	Palmer and Devitt (2014) (1)	AU	Medical	Dec-38	Model answers, explanations	No	No info	None
	Palmer and Devitt (2008)	AU	Medical	12	Detailed	No
Clickers	Cruz, Dias, and Kortemeyer (2011) (1)	BR	Physics	No info	No info	No	No info	No info
	Gauci et al. (2009)	AU	Medical	No info	Correct answers and discussion	No	No info	None
	Hancock (2010)	US	Business	No info	No info	No	Teacher	Course credit
	Knight and Wood (2005)	US	Biology	Each lecture	Group discussion	No info	No info	Points, contribute to grade
	Nicol (2009) (2)	UK	French	No info	Group discussion	No info	No info	No info
	Paschal (2002) (1)	US	Engineering	No info	Discussion	No info	Teacher	Course credit
Clinical Logbook	Anziani, Durham, and Moore (2008)	UK	Dentistry	17	No info	Yes	Supervisor	Formative, not contribute to grade
Computer Aided Assessment	Gill and Greenhow (2008)	UK	Mechanics	No info	Elaborate, worked examples	No	No info	No info
Conferencing Assessment	Baleghizadeh and Zarghami (2012)	IR	English	8	Content	Yes	Instructor	Formative, not contribute to grade
Data interpretation	English et al. (2006)	UK	Medical	1	Model answers	Yes	Peers/Teacher	~20% of grade
Dynamic Assessment (tweets)	Cacchione (2015)	ES	Italian	Two moments during class	Content comments and correction	No	Peers/Teacher	No info
Exercises	Buchanan (2000) (1)	UK	Psychology	3, 2 revision	No info	No info	No info	No info
	Buchanan (2000) (2)	UK	Psychology	5	No info	Yes	No info	No info
	Carnegie (2015)	CA	Medical	4	Content, worked example	No	No info	Points, contribute to grade
	Kennelly, Considine, and Flannery (2011)	IE	Economics	10	No info	No info	Teacher	25% of grade
	Krontiris-Litowitz (2008) (2)	US	Medical	1	No info	Yes	No info	No info
	Snowball and Mostert (2013) (3)	ZA	Economics	12	No info	No	No info	None
Formulate questions	Hardy et al. (2014)	UK	Science	At least 1	No	Yes	Teacher	2–5% of grade
	Zhang and Henderson (2015)	US	Medical	8	No	Yes	No info	None
Game based assessment	Hooshyar et al. (2016) (1)	MY/TW/KR	Computer Science	1	Immediate knowledge of results	Yes	No info	Score, not contribute to grade
	Hooshyar et al. (2016) (2)	MY/TW/KR	Computer Science	1	Delayed knowledge of results	Yes	No info	Score, not contribute to grade
	Hooshyar et al. (2016) (3)	MY/TW/KR	Computer Science	1	Immediate elaborate	Yes	No info	Score, not contribute to grade
	Schlegel and Selfridge (2014)	DM	Medical	No info	Formative	No info	Teacher	Points, no info about grade
Homework	Cruz, Dias, and Kortemeyer (2011) (1)	BR	Physics	No info	No info	No	No info	None
	Cruz, Dias, and Kortemeyer (2011) (2)	BR	Physics	No info	No info	No	No info	2 bonus points on examination
Instructional Design Task	Kim and Ryu (2013)	KR	Teacher Education	1	Rubric and feedback messages	No info	Peers/Self	Rubric
Learning Modules	Hernick (2015)	US	Pharmacology	6	Content	No	No info	Formative, not contribute to grade
Midterm/examination/test/assessment	Azzi et al. (2015) (2)	CA	Medical	2	Immediate feedback	Yes	No info	10% of grade
	Brown et al. (2015) (2)	ZA/US	Medical	13/1	No info	Yes	Teacher	~21.7% of grade/2 pts per q
	Carrillo-de-la-Pena et al. (2009)	ES	Medical/Psychology/Biology	1	Correct answers	No	Teacher	Up to 5% bonus on grade
	Carrillo-de-la-Peña and Perez (2012)	ES	Psychology	3	Feedback on performance	No	No info	30% of grade
	Ernst and Colthorpe (2008) (1, 2)	AU	Medical	No info	Model answers and tutorial discussion	No	No info	Formative, not contribute to grade
	Fakcharoenphol, Potter, and Stelzer (2011)	US	Physics	No info	Correct answer or full solution	No	No info	No info
	Harwood (2006)	UK	No info	1	No info	No	No info	No info
	Henly (2003)	AU	Dentistry	After each educational meeting	Correct answers, model answers	No info	No info	No info
	Henly and Reid (2001)	AU	Science	After each educational meeting	Correct answers, model answers	Yes	No info	No info
	Jain, Agrawal, and Biswas (2012)	IN	Biochemistry	4	Correct answers, frequent errors, tips	No info	Teacher	No info
	Kerdijk et al. (2013)	NL	Medical	3	Correct answers	Yes	Teacher	100% of grade
	Krasne et al. (2006)	US	Medical	8	Correct/incorrect, explanations	7 required	No info	Score, not contribute to grade
	Lawrence (2013) (1)	US	Psychology	3	No info	Yes	No info	No info
	Lawrence (2013) (2)	US	Psychology	1	No info	No	No info	Extra credit
	MacDermott (2013)	US	Economics	3	None	Yes	Teacher	60% of grade
	Micklewright et al. (2010)	US	Sport Science	7	Specific and generic class based	Yes	Teacher	100% of grade
	Nelson et al. (2009)	US	Biology	Weekly	Peer critique, teacher modelling	No info	No info	Points, not contribute to grade
	Nicol (2009) (2)	UK	French	Fortnightly/1	No info	Some	Self and Teacher	~30% of grade
	Olson and McDonald (2004)	US	Dentistry	1	Correct answers	No	No info	Score, not contribute to grade
	Palmer and Devitt (2014) (2)	AU	Medical	Weekly	None	Yes	No info	10% of grade
	Perdigones et al. (2009) (2)	ES	Engineering	Weekly (8)/monthly	Correct answers	Yes	Teacher	Bonus points on final examination
	Ramirez (2010)	CL	Medical	1-Mar	No info	Yes/No	Teacher/Self	Graded/not contribute to grade
	Raupach et al. (2013) (1)	DE	Medical	1	No info	Yes	Teacher	1% of credit of the year
	Raupach et al. (2013) (2)	DE	Medical	1	No info	Yes	Teacher	Score, not contribute to grade
	Rezaei (2015) (1,2,3)	US	Research Methods	No info	No info	Yes	Teacher	Contributes to grade
	Sample et al. (2014)	US	Veterinary Medicine	Weekly (6)	Model answers	Yes	Teacher	Scale, no info about grade
	Sargent and Curcio (2012) (2)	US	Law	1	No info	Yes	Teacher	Graded
	Siweya and Letsoalo (2014)	ZA	Chemistry	1/3–4/1	No info	Yes	Teacher	100% of grade (50/40/10)
	Snowball and Mostert (2013) (2)	ZA	Economics	2	No info	No	No info	30%
	Sullivan et al. (2013)	UK	Medical	1	None	No	Four examiners	No info
	Taradi, Taradi, and Radic (2005)	HR	Medical	10	Performance feedback	No	Self	Not contribute to grade
	Tuunila and Pulkkinen (2015) (1)	FI	Chemical Engineering	5-Apr	General feedback, suitable answers	No	Teacher	Contributes to grade
	Tuunila and Pulkkinen (2015) (2)	FI	Chemical Engineering	6-Jan	General feedback, suitable answers	No	Teacher	Contributes to grade
	van der Kleij et al. (2012) (1)	NL	Economics	1	Immediate, elaborate	No	Computer	Score, not contribute to grade
	van der Kleij et al. (2012) (2)	NL	Economics	1	Delayed, elaborate	No	Computer	Score, not contribute to grade
	van der Kleij et al. (2012) (3)	NL	Economics	1	Delayed knowledge of results	No	Computer	Score, not contribute to grade
	Velan et al. (2008)	AU	Biomedical Science	1	No info	No	Self	No info
	Wininger (2005)	US	Psychology	1	Class discussion	Yes	Teacher	Extra credit
No info	Perdigones et al. (2009) (1)	ES	Engineering	No info	No info	No info	No info	No info
Oral Examination	Priya et al. (2012) (2)	IN	Dentistry	6	No info	Yes	Teacher	Score, not contribute to grade
Portfolio	Behrouzi and Mowlavian (2015)	IR	English	12 entries	Conference with instructor	Yes	Instructor/Self	No info
	Thome, Hovenberg, and Edgren (2006)	SE	Biomedical Science	3	Portfolio discussions	Yes	Teacher	Scale, not contribute to grade
Practice Attachment	Haffling, Beckman, and Edgren (2011)	SE	Medical	2	Feedback form and narrative comments	Yes	Tutor/Self	Score, not contribute to grade
Pre-test/post-test	Lemus-Zuniga et al. (2015)	ES	Computer engineering	No info	Yes	No info	Teacher	No info
	Munson and Pierce (2015)	US	Pharmacology	6	Correct answers	No	No info	Score, not contribute to grade
Presentation	Perdigones et al. (2009) (3)	ES	Engineering	1	No info	Yes	Teacher/Peers	~20% of grade
Project	Rezaei (2015) (1,2,3)	US	Research Methods	No info	No info	Yes	Teacher	No info
Quiz	Azzi et al. (2015) (1)	CA	Medical	17	Immediate feedback	Yes	No info	Formative, not contribute to grade
	Bijol, Byrne-Dugan, and Hoenig (2015)	US	Medical	5	Correct answers and explanations	No	Self	No info
	Bookhan, Warren, and Schoeman (2014)	ZA	Dentistry	2	Correct answers and group discussion	No	No info	% score, not contribute to grade
	Brown et al. (2015) (1)	ZA/US	Medical	13	No info	Yes	Teacher	~11.6% of grade
	Cukusic, Garaca, and Jadric (2014)	HR	Economics	8	Correct/incorrect	≥60% on 6	Self	Score, not contribute to grade
	Dobson (2008)	US	Exercise Physiology	10	Yes	Yes	No info	10% of grade
	Domenech et al. (2015)	ES	Economics	10	Suggested answers	Yes	Teacher	85% of grade
	Fautch (2015)	US	Chemistry	Weekly	No info	No info	No info	No info
	Glass (2009)	US	Psychology	28	Correct answers	No info	No info	Bonus points
	Ibabe and Jauregizar (2010)	ES	Psychology	No info	Correct/incorrect, hints	No	No info	Score, not contribute to grade
	Jacoby et al. (2014)	UK	Biology	Weekly	Yes	No info	Self	Score, not contribute to grade
	Kibble (2007) (1)	GD	Medical	2	No info	No	No info	Score, not contribute to grade
	Kibble (2007) (2)	GD	Medical	2	No info	No	No info	1% of grade, on login
	Kibble (2007) (3)	GD	Medical	2	No info	No	No info	2% of grade, score >30%
	Kibble (2007) (4)	GD	Medical	2	Incorrect answers shown	No	No info	2% of grade, based on actual score
	Kibble (2007) (5)	GD	Medical	2	Incorrect answers shown	No	No info	4% of grade, based on actual score
	Kibble et al. (2011)	US	Medical	Weekly (12)	Correct answers, faculty available for questions	No	No info	None
	Krontiris-Litowitz (2008) (1)	US	Neuroanatomy	2	No info	Yes	No info	No info
	Lawrence (2013) (3)	US	Psychology	After each chapter	No info	No	No info	No info
	Marden et al. (2013) (1,2)	AU	Medical	3	Individualised	Yes	Teacher	5% of grade
	Marden et al. (2013) (3)	AU	Medical	2	Individualised	Yes	Teacher	7.5% of grade
	Marden et al. (2013) (4)	AU	Medical	5	Individualised	Yes	Teacher	2% of grade, score >90%
	McNulty et al. (2015) (1)	US	Medical	3	Review session in class	No	Self	No info
	McNulty et al. (2015) (2)	US	Medical	After each lecture (14)	Instructive online feedback	No	Self	No info
	Mitra and Barua (2015)	MY	Medical	3	Content feedback	No info	No info	% score, not contribute to grade
	Paschal (2002) (2)	US	Biomedical Engineering	4	Correct answers	No info	Teacher	Course credit
	Rezaei (2015) (2–3)	US	Research Methods	No info	No info	Yes	Teacher	30% of grade
	Sargent and Curcio (2012) (1)	US	Law	5	Model answers and rubric	Yes	Teacher	Ungraded
	Williams, Bland, and Christie (2008) (1)	UK	Chemistry	20	Online feedback	No	Self	Formative, not contribute to grade
	Williams, Bland, and Christie (2008) (2)	UK	Chemistry	20	No info	No	Teacher	5% of grade, for total of quizzes
	Wilson et al. (2011)	CA	Geography	After each class	Correct/incorrect	No	Self	None
	Zhang and Henderson (2015) (1,2)	US	Medical	10	Correct answers, open feedback	Yes	Teacher	None
Simulated Patient	Gums, Kleppinger, and Urick (2014)	US	Pharmacology	1	Rubric and talking points for individual	Yes	Facilitator	Rubric, not contribute to grade
Writing Assignment	Birjandi and Hadidi Tamjid (2012) (1)	IR	Teaching English	Each session (12)	Oral or written teacher feedback, self-reflection	Yes	Teacher/Self	No info
	Birjandi and Hadidi Tamjid (2012) (2)	IR	Teaching English	No info	Rubric	Yes	Self/Teacher	Rubric, not contribute to grade
	Birjandi and Hadidi Tamjid (2012) (3)	IR	Teaching English	No info	Rubric	Yes	Peers/ Teacher	Rubric, not contribute to grade
	Birjandi and Hadidi Tamjid (2012) (4)	IR	Teaching English	No info	Rubric	Yes	Self/Peers	Rubric, not contribute to grade
	Birjandi and Hadidi Tamjid (2012) (5)	IR	Teaching English	No info	No info	Yes	Teacher	No info
	Covic and Jones (2008)	AU	Psychology	1 (resubmission)	Comments and suggestions, Form, Group feedback	No	Teacher	Score, 20% of grade
	Fisher, Cavanagh, and Bowles (2011)	AU	Management	1 (draft)	Feedback sheet and discussion	No	Teacher	None
	Gielen and De Wever (2015)	BE	Educational Science	3 (drafts)	Feedback form	Yes	Peers	Rubric, not contribute to grade
	Isaksson (2008)	SE	Archaeology	10	Short written feedback	Yes	Lecturer	100% of grade
	Mulder et al. (2014)	AU	Animal Behaviour	1 (draft)	Structured review sheet	Yes	Peers	Score, not contribute to grade
	Nicol (2009) (1)	UK	Psychology	6 light, 6 deep	Peer discussion, model answers afterwards	Yes	Peers/Self	No info
	Perdigones et al. (2009) (3)	ES	Engineering	1	No info	Yes	Journal/Teacher	30% of grade
	Priya et al. (2012) (1)	IN	Dentistry	6	No info	Yes	Teacher	Score, not contribute to grade
	Snowball and Mostert (2013) (1)	ZA	Economics	2	Rubric	No	Peers/Teacher	30% of grade
	Stellmack et al. (2012)	US	Psychology	1 (resubmission)	Rubric	No info	Peers/Self/Teacher	Half points for draft
	Wakefield et al. (2014)	UK	Sport Studies	1	Feedback checklist or marking sheet	Yes	Teacher	60% of grade

Note:

Bolded references have found a positive relation between the assessment and student grades.

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