First-year academic achievement: the role of academic self-efficacy, self-regulated learning and beyond classroom engagement

Figures & data

Table 1. Variables, means, standard deviation, reliability and correlations.

Variable (range)	M	SD	α (n items)	ASE	TM	AM	BCE
Academic self-efficacy (1–7)	5.78	.49	.74 (11)	1
Time-management (1–5)	3.95	.57	.74 (5)	.57**	1
Autonomous motivation (1–5)	4.49	.54	.85 (5)	.29**	.23**	1
Beyond classroom engagement (1–5)	4.30	.54	.85 (6)	.31**	.23**	.55**	1
GPA (1–10)	6.34	1.24	–	.02	.11**	.06**	–.05*

Note: ASE = academic self-efficacy, TM = time-management, AM = autonomous motivation, BCE = beyond classroom engagement.

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 2. Gender-related differences in variables: means, standard deviation, t-test and effect sizes.

	Means (standard deviation)
Variable	Male (N = 1419)	Female (N = 936)	t, (df), p	Effect sizes
Academic self-efficacy	5.75 (.49)	5.82 (.49)	–3.24, (2097), .001	.14
Time-management	3.86 (.57)	4.08 (.55)	–9.60, (2431), .000	.39
Autonomous motivation	4.46 (.56)	4.53 (.52)	–3.17, (2431), .002	.13
Beyond classroom engagement	4.28 (.55)	4.34 (.52)	–2.41, (2130), .02	.11
GPA	6.16 (1.29)	6.62 (1.10)	–9.24, (2207), .000	.38

Table 3. Discipline-related differences in variables: means (standard deviation), ANOVA, effect sizes.

Variables	Means (standard deviation)			F (df), p	Effect sizes
	Humanities (666)	Science (908)	Social sciences (781)
Academic self-efficacy	5.81 (.49)	5.73 (.50)	5.80 (.49)	6.96 (2,2430), .001	.06
Time-management	3.97 (.58)	3.86 (.59)	4.03 (.53)	19.94 (2,2430), .000	.13
Autonomous motivation	4.57 (.50)	4.49 (.53)	4.42 (.59)	14.83 (2,2430), .000	.11
Beyond Classroom Engagement	4.30 (.51)	4.28 (.54)	4.33 (.56)	1.63 (2,2430), .20	.04
GPA	6.37 (1.07)	6.49 (1.22)	6.14 (1.36)	17.1 (2,2352), .000	.12

Table 4. Regression analysis for variables predicting GPA at the end of the first year.

Variables	Beta	t	p-value
Academic self-efficacy	–.05	–2.03	.043
Time-management	.15	5.87	.000
Autonomous motivation	.11	4.56	.000
Beyond classroom engagement	–.13	–5.17	.000
R	.17
R^2	.03
F (df), p	16.99 (4,2350), .000