Gambling lifestyles: The importance of social capital and diverse networks

Figures & data

Table 1. Gambling activity (n = 12,991).

Characteristic	Per cent
Lotteries	55
None	38
Horse Racing	11
Scratch	9.4
Bingo	5.7
Machines	4.7
Events	2.9
Greyhound Racing	2.5
Coupons	2.4
Table	2
Private	1.8

Table 2. Continuous social variables (n = 12,991).

Variable	Min	Max	$\mu$	$\sigma$
Age	16	96	49.37	−18.78
Age^2	256	9,216.00	2,790.55	−1,948.85
Fam_volume	0	10	0.9	−1.15
Fri_volume	0	11	2.01	−2.09
Acq_volume	0	11	0.61	−1.21

Table 3. CategoRical social variables (n = 12,991).

Variable	Per cent
Education
No Qualification	27%
Lower-Middle Qualification	24%
Higher-Middle Qualification	27%
Higher-Education	22%
Intermediate Class	33%
Salariat Class	29%
Female	56%
Neighbourhood Trust	40%
Belonging	74%
Socialise with Relatives	79%
Socialise with Friends	90%

Figure 1. Latent class measurement model.

Table 4. LatEnt class model fit indices.

Model	BIC	ABIC	AIC	CAIC	Likelihood Ratio	Entropy(A)
Model 1	77165.19	77130.23	77083.00	77176.19	21449.20
Model 2	59788.15	59715.05	59616.29	59811.15	3958.49	2.29
Model 3	57763.89	57652.66	57502.37	57798.89	1820.57	2.21
Model 4	57249.20	57099.84	56898.02	57296.20	1192.22	2.19
Model 5	57111.34	56923.85	56670.50	57170.34	940.70	2.18
Model 6	57153.91	56928.28	56623.40	57224.91	869.60	2.17
Model 7	57267.57	57003.81	56647.40	57350.57	869.60	2.17

Table 5. Latent class probabilities.

	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4	Class 5
	Lottery	Inactive	Sports	Omnivore Gamblers	Entertainment
Relative Size	36.32	37.91	7.71	1.77	16.29
Lotteries	100.0	0.0	58.1	92.8	75.4
Scratch	5.7	0.0	0.0	52.6	39.0
Coupons	1.9	0.0	8.9	33.5	3.0
Horse Racing	5.4	0.0	57.3	74.1	19.3
Greyhound Racing	0.1	0.0	10.8	46.7	4.7
Events	0.2	0.0	15.3	66.0	3.2
Table	0.3	0.0	8.2	40.6	3.7
Bingo	3.7	0.0	2.3	15.8	24.0
Machines	0.0	0.0	6.2	57.3	19.4
Private	0.1	0.0	8.6	40.1	2.5
None	0.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Table 6. Odds-Ratio’s of class membership using inactive class as a reference.

	Dependent variable:
	Sports	Lottery	Multiple	Entertainment
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Education	0.957	0.822***	0.734***	0.736***
	(0.005)	(0.0001)	(0.002)	(0.025)
Intermediate Class	1.577***	1.235***	2.171***	1.183***
	(0.029)	(0.038)	(0.008)	(0.003)
Salariat Class	1.500***	0.983	1.708***	0.943***
	(0.006)	(0.001)	(0.007)	(0.018)
age	1.015***	1.137***	1.041***	1.024***
	(0.025)	(0.020)	(0.003)	(0.00004)
agesq	1.000***	0.999***	0.999***	1.000***
	(0.032)	(0.018)	(0.011)	(0.017)
Female	0.313***	0.793***	0.093***	0.944***
	(0.011)	(0.016)	(0.003)	(0.011)
volumefam	1.098***	1.128***	1.229***	1.156***
	(0.0004)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.001)
volumefri	1.129***	1.046***	1.250***	1.077***
	(0.009)	(0.0002)	(0.0004)	(0.007)
volumeacq	1.033	0.963**	1.151***	1.027
	(0.031)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)
neig_Trust	1.148***	0.925**	0.685***	0.871***
	(0.001)	(0.0003)	(0.001)	(0.023)
Belonging	1.193***	1.127***	1.024***	1.013
	(0.012)	(0.009)	(0.004)	(0.00005)
Relative	1.173***	1.438***	1.180***	1.363***
	(0.016)	(0.033)	(0.017)	(0.032)
Friends	1.823***	0.962***	1.026***	0.966***
	(0.023)	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.005)
Constant	0.064***	0.044***	0.059***	0.327***
	(0.0001)	(0.002)	(0.0003)	(0.003)
Akaike Inf. Crit.	30,196.670	30,196.670	30,196.670	30,196.670

Note:*p**p***p<0.01.

Table 7. The five leisure gambling typologies.

Class of Gambler	Definition
Inactive	Refrain from any gambling from the popular to the eclectic
Lottery	Lottery-centric gamblers are unlikely to participate in any other form of gambling.
Omnivore	Individuals who consume multiple (most) gambling activities akin to Erickson’s (1996) omnivore distinction. This group are likely consumers of many gambling activities.
Sport	This group are active gamblers; they attach themselves and participate in traditional sport-type gambling events.
Entertainment	This class participates in gambling activities associated with entertainment, such as Bingo and Machines.