Water balance of the Sudanese savannah woodland region

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Map shows administrative divisions (in bold letters) of Sudan and the 39 grid cells (1.0° latitude × 1.5° longitude) utilized in the study.

Fig. 2 Daily rainfall and measured (Ardö 2013) and modelled (WATBAL) soil moisture contents during two periods, 1/2/05–20/4/07 and 6/7/07–19/1/10, for the Demokeya site, in northern Kordofan (Al Obeid grid cell).

Fig. 3 Scatter plot of the measured (Ardö 2013) and modelled (WATBAL) soil moisture contents for 1/2/05–20/4/07 and 6/7/07–19/1/10 for the Demokeya site, in northern Kordofan (Al Obeid grid cell). Dotted line is the 1:1 line.

Table 1 Long-term mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and modelled (WATBAL) water balance components for AR and VR soil types for each grid cell (see Fig. 1).

Map sheet grid	MAT, °C	MAP, mm	ET, mm		Runoff, mm		Drainage, mm
			AR	VR	AR	VR	AR	VR
Aba Island	28.6	289	289	289	0	0	0	0
Abu Gabra	28.0	466	466	458	0	8	0	0
Abu Matariq	28.0	644	608	588	36	56	0	0
Abu Zabad	26.6	452	452	448	0	4	0	0
Abyad	26.0	273	273	273	0	0	0	0
Al Fasher	24.6	334	334	329	0	5	0	0
Al Gebelain	27.9	384	384	383	0	1	0	0
Al Geteina	29.0	209	209	209	0	0	0	0
Al Kamlin	28.6	215	215	215	0	0	0	0
Al Nahud	27.8	315	315	315	0	0	0	0
Al Obeid	27.2	301	301	301	0	0	0	0
Al Quleit	26.7	373	373	373	0	0	0	0
Al Renk	27.4	567	555	561	0	6	12	0
Al Roseires	27.6	732	652	669	33	63	47	0
Buram	28.2	718	633	613	85	105	0	0
Dar Al Humr	28.3	583	583	567	0	16	0	0
Gebel Al Deir	27.0	482	475	455	7	27	0	0
Gedaref	28.7	440	423	409	17	31	0	0
Geneina	26.1	456	414	400	42	56	0	0
Idd Al Ghanam	27.5	550	518	498	32	52	0	0
Kadugli	26.8	587	557	543	30	44	0	0
Kagmar	28.8	162	162	162	0	0	0	0
Kaja Seruj	27.0	250	250	250	0	0	0	0
Karkoj	27.4	542	536	524	6	18	0	0
Kereinik	24.5	475	446	426	29	49	0	0
Khartoum	29.2	147	147	147	0	0	0	0
Kubbum	25.6	636	479	527	89	109	68	0
Muglad	28.5	471	471	471	0	0	0	0
Nyala	24.4	414	402	392	12	22	0	0
Qala’a Al Nahal	28.6	683	598	578	85	105	0	0
Rashad	26.5	676	640	620	36	56	0	0
Reira	29.0	211	211	211	0	0	0	0
Sennar	28.8	440	434	424	6	16	0	0
Sodiri	26.9	185	185	185	0	0	0	0
Taweisha	27.4	356	356	356	0	0	0	0
Umm Badr	25.5	165	165	165	0	0	0	0
Umm Dafog	26.2	642	591	571	51	71	0	0
Wad Medani	28.5	302	302	302	0	0	0	0
Zalingei	24.2	595	515	499	76	96	4	0
Mean	27.3	429	408	403	17	26	3	0
Minimum	24.2	147	147	147	0	0	0	0
Maximum	29.2	732	652	669	89	109	68	0
Std. Deviation	1.4	172	151	147	27	35	13	0

Fig. 4 Grid cell modelled long-term annual water balance components as a percentage of mean annual precipitation (MAP) for AR and VR soil types. Grid cells are ranked according to MAP (increasing to the right).

Fig. 5 Map showing distribution of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) across the study region (see Fig. 1 for location of study region in Sudan).

Fig. 6 Map showing distribution of annual ET for AR and VR soil types across the study region (see Fig. 1 for location of study region in Sudan).

Fig. 7 Map showing distribution of annual runoff for AR and VR soil types across the study region (see Fig. 1 for location of study region in Sudan).

Fig. 8 Map showing distribution of annual drainage for AR soil type across the study region (see Fig. 1 for location of study region in Sudan).

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of annual rainfall, temperature and WATBAL modelled water balance components for AR and VR soil types for the Rashad grid cell (11.5°N, 30.75°E) during 1961–1990.

	Rainfall	Temp.	Arenosols (mm)				Vertisols (mm)
	(mm)	(°C)	ET	Runoff	Drainage	SM^a	ET	Runoff	Drainage	SM
Minimum	339	26.2	297	0	0	1	343	0	0	0
Maximum	970	28.8	509	229	291	34	677	260	139	49
Mean	654	27.3	396	68	189	26	519	89	47	37
Coefficient of variation, %	20	3	13	92	36	23	13	81	77	29

^aSM = end-of-month mean plant-available soil moisture content of upper 1 m soil.

Fig. 9 Annual rainfall and WATBAL modelled water balance components for AR and VR soil types for the Rashad grid cell (11.5°N, 30.75°E) during 1961–1990. Mean annual temperatures (MAT, °C) during the same period are given on the secondary y-axis.

Fig. 10 Grid cell mean (n = 39) monthly water balances for AR and VR soil types.

Table A1 WATBAL parameter values for each grid cell (see Fig. 1 for location of study region in Sudan).

Map sheet	Map sheet centre		Elevation (m a.s.l.)	Tmax^(a) (°C)	Tmin^(b) (°C)	Arenosols			Vertisols
	Lat. °N	Long. °E				Kc^(c)	SMfc^(d) (mm)	SMpwp^(e) (mm)	Kc	SMfc(mm)	SMpwp(mm)
Aba Island	135	32.25	380	41.1	24.8	0.5	133	59	0.7	451	317
Abu Gabra	115	26.25	440	39.8	24.7	0.5	132	59	0.7	451	317
Abu Matariq	105	26.25	440	38.9	24.2	0.7	132	58	0.9	451	317
Abu Zabad	125	29.25	580	38.9	23.8	0.5	134	59	0.7	451	317
Abyad	135	26.25	740	38.6	23.2	0.4	132	58	0.6	451	317
Al Fasher	135	24.75	900	36.6	21.3	0.6	132	58	0.8	451	317
Al Gebelain	125	32.25	400	39.9	24.9	0.4	133	59	0.6	451	317
Al Geteina	145	32.25	360	41.4	24.6	0.5	133	59	0.7	451	317
Al Kamlin	155	33.75	460	42.1	24.1	0.4	131	57	0.6	451	317
Al Nahud	125	27.75	520	39.6	24.3	0.4	134	60	0.6	452	317
Al Obeid	135	30.75	580	39.5	24.6	0.4	133	59	0.6	451	317
Al Quleit	135	29.25	620	39.3	23.8	0.4	133	59	0.6	452	317
Al Renk	115	32.25	400	38.0	24.0	0.5	131	57	0.7	451	317
Al Roseires	115	33.75	540	39.3	22.2	0.6	132	59	0.8	453	319
Buram	105	24.75	480	38.3	25.7	0.8	131	57	1.0	451	317
Dar Al Humr	105	27.75	440	39.6	24.3	0.6	132	58	0.8	451	317
Gebel Al Deir	125	30.75	540	38.8	24.1	0.5	132	59	0.7	451	317
Gedaref	145	35.25	560	40.8	25.2	0.5	132	59	0.7	451	317
Geneina	135	21.75	780	38.5	22.3	0.5	133	60	0.7	450	318
Idd Al Ghanam	115	24.75	580	38.7	24.3	0.6	131	57	0.8	451	317
Kadugli	115	29.25	640	38.6	23.9	0.5	137	62	0.7	451	317
Kagmar	145	30.75	440	40.5	24.8	0.4	131	58	0.6	452	317
Kaja Seruj	135	27.75	600	39.7	23.3	0.4	133	59	0.6	452	317
Karkoj	125	33.75	460	40.8	22.8	0.7	132	59	0.9	451	317
Kereinik	135	23.25	880	38.2	19.0	0.6	131	57	0.8	452	317
Khartoum	155	32.25	400	41.6	25.8	0.4	132	58	0.6	451	317
Kubbum	115	23.25	640	37.3	21.2	0.7	133	59	0.9	451	318
Muglad	115	27.75	440	39.4	25.8	0.5	133	59	0.7	451	317
Nyala	125	24.75	900	36.1	19.7	0.5	132	58	0.7	451	317
Qala’a Al Nahal	135	35.25	540	40.3	24.7	0.5	132	59	0.7	451	317
Rashad	115	30.75	660	38.2	23.5	0.6	131	57	0.8	451	317
Reira	155	35.25	440	42.2	24.6	0.4	131	57	0.6	451	317
Sennar	135	33.75	400	41.0	21.9	0.5	132	59	0.7	451	317
Sodiri	145	29.25	520	40.8	24.3	0.4	132	58	0.6	452	317
Taweisha	125	26.25	560	39.7	23.9	0.4	132	58	0.6	451	317
Umm Badr	145	27.75	740	36.9	22.9	0.4	132	58	0.6	452	317
Umm Dafog	105	23.25	520	37.5	22.3	0.8	137	63	1.0	451	318
Wad Medani	145	33.75	420	41.6	24.3	0.5	132	59	0.7	451	317
Zalingei	125	23.25	840	38.2	18.4	0.6	131	57	0.8	451	316
Mean	129	29.06	558	39.4	23.5	0.5	132	59	0.7	451	317
Minimum	105	21.75	360	36.1	18.4	0.4	131	57	0.6	450	316
Maximum	155	35.25	900	42.2	25.8	0.8	137	63	1.0	453	319

^{(a) & (b)} Long-term air maximum and minimum temperatures for the warmest month of the year;

^(c) Crop coefficient values are calculated based on the grid cell biomass carbon densities;

^(d) Soil moisture content at field capacity;

^(e) Soil moisture content at permanent wilting point.

Ardö, J., 2013. A 10-year dataset of basic meteorology and soil properties in Central Sudan. Dataset Papers in Geosciences. Article ID 297973. doi:10.7167/2013/297973.

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