Runoff from soils under different management and simulated rainfall regimes in southern Brazil

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Photograph of the drainage lysimeter in the Concórdia River basin (SC).

Fig. 2 Location of the lysimeter sites in southern Brazil.

Table 1 Soil characteristics of the lysimeters.

Lysímeter	Drainage basin	Soil type*	Crops grown	Soil management	S (%)	Texture (%)			ρ (g cm^-3)	η
						Sand	Silt	Clay
LPC	Potiribu	Oxisols	Black oats; summer cereals	Much soil turn-over	2.0	24.59	22.91	52.49	1.09	0.57
LPD	Potiribu	Oxisols	Black oats; summer cereals	Little soil turn-over	2.0	32.21	11.60	56.19	1.57	0.53
LGT	Guaporé	Ultisols	Black oats; tobacco in summer	Little soil turn-over	7.0	13.15	32.75	54.10	1.20	0.58
LCM	Concórdia	Inceptisols	Winter fallow; summer cereal	Much soil turn-over	4.0	35.16	49.96	14.89	1.39	0.45
LCH	Concórdia	Inceptisols	Winter fallow; summer green crops	Much soil turn-over	9.0	15.55	59.65	24.89	1.55	0.49
LCP	Concórdia	Inceptisols	Permanent pasture	No soil turn-over	2.5	9.13	32.73	57.92	1.45	0.47
LBP	Barigui	Entisols	Permanent pasture	No soil turn-over	3.0	31.00	38.00	31.00	1.35	0.52

S: surface slope; ρ: soil density; η: total porosity (m³/m³ of soil).

* According to Soil Taxonomy.

Table 2 Applied rainfalls, initial and final soil moisture levels and times at which surface runoff and internal drainage were generated. Lysimeter codes: LPC: at Potiribu, conventional tillage; LPD: at Potiribú; no-till; LGT: at Guaporé; LCM, LCH and LCP: at Concórdia River; LBP: at Bariguí (Curitiba).

Lysimeter	Date(mm-yy)	First trial					Second trial					Third trial					Fourth trial
		P	θi	θf	tesc	tdre	P	θi	θf	tesc	tdre	P	θi	θf	tesc	tdre	P	θi	θf	tesc	tdre
		(mm)	(%)	(%)	(min)	(min)	(mm)	(%)	(%)	(min)	(min)	(mm)	(%)	(%)	(min)	(min)	(mm)	(%)	(%)	(min)	(min)
LPC	08-09	141.4	31.0	50.0	9.0	13.0	130.6	38.5	53.2	4.0	12.0	141.4	40.0	53.2	16.0	15.0	171.8	40.2	52.9	4.0	17.0
	01-10	50.4	38.7	54.6	75.0	44.0	117.3	42.8	47.2	5.0	11.0	46.0	47.5	49.4	66.0	54.0	138.5	44.7	49.2	1.0	20.0
	07-10	48.5	30.7	50.6	71.0	101.0	55.4	39.6	50.6		41.0	46.0	38.8	48.7		70.0	37.8	43.3	48.9		67.0
LPD	08-09	159.4	35.1	50.7	5.5	14.0	133.2	46.3	50.7	1.8	11.0	141.5	45.8	50.7	6.0	14.0	153.1	46.6	50.6	1.0	18.0
	01-10	54.8	37.7	49.4	13.0	51.0	119.6	43.8	48.5	1.8	10.0	45.0	45.8	50.7	17.0	25.0	147.6	47.1	48.5	2.0	9.0
	07-10	48.8	36.0	47.0	5.0	45.0	52.4	33.3	48.5	6.0	28.0	44.6	43.6	47.4	27.0	20.0	38.0	42.9	49.2	8.0	24.0
LGT	02-10	42.6	35.0	40.0	22.8	65.0	108.2	41.7	53.5	2.0	23.0	40.5	41.7	50.7	33.0	50.0	106.3	44.5	50.7	1.5	15.0
	07-10	79.8	40.3	49.2	2.0	11.0	73.7	41.0	48.3	7.0	11.0	67.8	43.5	47.6	0.3	1.0
LCM	01-09	182.6	34.0	39.4	2.9	9.0	156.4	37.0	40.4	1.9	6.8	134.8	34.4	40.4	3.5	10.8	238.0	37.2	40.4	1.8	13.6
	11-09	168.3	35.8	38.4	3.0	8.5	147.8	37.9	39.3	2.0	7.0
	12-09	48.9	38.4	39.8	28.0	42.0
	01-10	45.0	38.5	40.4		23.3	155.0	34.5	36.5		7.4
	07-10	68.5	31.3	40.4	28.0	16.0	59.3	38.7	41.6	2.5	14.0	57.1	21.4	35.0		30.0	60.9	27.4	35.0	61.0	17.0
	01-11	107.2	21.5	34.0	31.0	37.0	86.7	33.4	37.4	9.0	15.0	99.3	37.0	38.7	6.0	13.0	125.2	37.6	39.0	0.5	9.0
LCH	01-10	44.9	34.0	40.2	34.2	48.8	119.8	35.3	41.9	3.2	19.8
	07-10	51.6	37.7	41.0	5.0	22.0	56.1	39.7	41.0	5.0	18.0	70.3	26.5	42.3	–	31.0	69.4	38.2	41.9	21.0	45.0
	01-11	63.2	20.4	36.8	62.0	67.0	83.0	34.1	36.9		13.0	69.7	34.0	41.2	24.0	16.0	69.7	35.3	37.5	17.0	15.0
LCP	12-09	86.3	40.1	46.0	10.0	79.0
	01-10	45.0	45.0	47.1	8.5	34.8	108.0	44.0	47.5	5.7	33.1
	07-10	59.5	40.6	48.0	7.0	23.0	61.8	44.0	47.5	4.0	13.0
	01-11	31.3	35.1	46.0		40.0	81.7	45.0	47.1		17.0
LBP	07-09	83.6	37.7	42.5	1.0	10.2	40.9	39.9	44.8	5.1	8.8
	07-10	76.8	30.4	46.1		34.0	54.4	47.0	50.4	62.0	16.0
Mean		77.8	35.0	44.2	21.2	36.5	95.3	39.9	45.4	7.5	16.0	77.2	38.5	45.8	19.9	26.9	113.0	40.4	45.3	10.8	22.5

P: rainfall depth; θ_i: initial soil moisture; θ_f: final soil moisture; t_esc: time at which surface runoff began; t_dre: time at which internal drainage began.

Fig. 3 Rates of infiltration and surface runoff in trials using (a) and (b) lysimeters LCM, and (c) and (d) lysimeters LPD.

Table 3 Rainfall intensity, rates of surface runoff, infiltration and internal drainage (mm h^-1). Legend: see Table 2.

Lysimeter	Date(mm-yy)	First trial				Second trial				Third trial				Fourth trial
		P	Qr	I	Qd	P	Qr	I	Qd	P	Qr	I	Qd	P	Qr	I	Qd
LPC	08-09	111.7	25.7	85.9	97.0	101.8	58.6	43.2	20.6	110.2	65.9	44.3	14.3	133.9	98.6	35.3	16.9
	01-10	37.8	0.0	37.8	27.8	90.2	44.2	46.0	29.6	35.4	0.2	35.1	26.8	109.3	52.7	56.7	71.0
	07-10	38.8	0.0	38.8	13.3	43.7	0.0	43.7	26.8	36.3	0.0	36.3	16.7	30.2	0.0	30.2	20.2
LPD	08-09	127.5	27.1	100.4	107.8	106.6	55.1	51.5	73.2	108.9	46.9	61.9	81.4	122.5	75.1	47.4	58.9
	01-10	41.1	0.1	41.0	44.4	92.0	11.9	80.1	86.6	34.2	0.2	33.9	25.1	116.5	29.6	86.9	93.8
	07-10	39.0	1.4	37.7	23.0	41.4	1.2	40.2	35.2	35.2	1.0	34.2	26.2	29.6	3.1	26.5	34.0
LGT	02-10	32.8	0.3	32.5	0.2	85.9	30.7	55.2	18.3	32.0	0.5	31.5	4.5	83.6	52.9	30.6	20.5
	07-10	43.0	0.7	42.3	24.9	44.0	1.2	42.8	33.8	43.0	3.0	40.0	31.2
LCM	01-09	140.5	4.1	136.3	38.6	124.3	5.2	119.1	76.4	101.1	4.9	96.2	96.7	119.5	27.0	92.5	81.0
	11-09	131.1	59.9	71.2	82.9	124.1	41.6	82.5	84.7
	12-09	35.4	1.1	34.3	15.0
	01-10	36.5	0.0	36.5	46.9	124.0	0.0	124.0	89.1
	07-10	53.7	0.9	52.8	33.6	47.4	14.5	33.0	26.3	45.4	0.0	45.4	33.1	48.7	0.0	48.7	50.7
	01-11	74.8	7.4	67.4	34.4	63.7	2.1	61.6	61.9	75.8	4.7	71.1	67.9	69.3	3.6	65.7	79.4
LCH	01-10	37.9	0.6	37.4	23.1	95.2	7.0	88.2	47.2
	07-10	41.3	22.9	18.4	11.2	44.6	27.2	17.4	13.8	49.6	0.0	49.6	38.5	55.5	0.0	55.5	63.1
	01-11	44.6	0.0	44.6	37.8	44.6	0.0	44.6	39.5	55.8	1.0	54.8	51.8	55.8	0.9	54.9	43.6
LCP	12-09	45.0	1.4	43.7	20.0
	01-10	36.0	11.1	24.9	35.5	86.4	65.0	21.4	18.2
	07-10	50.3	38.3	12.0	14.8	53.0	39.3	13.7	32.3
	01-11	37.5	0.0	37.5	28.3	54.6	0.0	54.6	61.6
LBP	07-09	111.5	13.4	98.2	85.9	40.9	9.5	31.4	41.2
	07-10	47.5		46.9	43.8	54.4	1.2	53.2	53.4
Mean		60.7	9.4	51.2	38.7	74.4	19.8	54.6	46.2	58.7	9.9	48.8	39.6	81.2	28.6	52.6	52.8

P: rainfall intensity; Q_r: rate of surface runoff; I: rate of infiltration; Q_d: rate of internal drainage.

Table 4 Water balances of trials (mm). Legend: see Table 2.

Lysimeter	Date(mm-yy)	First trial				Second trial				Third trial				Fourth trial
		P	ES	D	ΔS	P	ES	D	ΔS	P	ES	D	ΔS	P	ES	D	ΔS
LPC	08-09	141.4	29.7	93.6	18.1	130.6	55.5	70.1	5.0	141.4	65.5	58.8	17.1	171.8	105.7	61.2	4.9
	01-10	50.4	0.0	29.0	21.4	117.3	51.1	60.5	5.6	46.0	0.1	28.7	17.2	138.5	49.3	77.9	11.3
	07-10	48.5	0.1	35.9	12.5	55.4	0.0	53.5	1.9	46.0	0.0	32.0	13.9	37.8	0.0	37.2	0.5
LPD	08-09	159.4	34.8	104.6	20.0	133.2	62.3	66.1	4.8	141.5	52.3	86.3	2.9	153.1	84.6	65.3	3.2
	01-10	54.8	0.1	32.3	22.5	119.6	11.2	106.4	2.0	45.0	0.2	37.0	7.8	147.6	32.3	114.3	1.0
	07-10	48.8	1.5	41.6	5.6	52.4	1.3	50.7	0.4	44.6	0.5	42.4	1.7	38.0	2.8	35.1	0.2
LGT	02-10	42.6	0.4	1.0	41.2	108.2	27.3	46.3	34.7	40.5	0.4	26.8	13.3	106.3	43.1	58.9	4.2
	07-10	79.8	0.6	68.4	10.8	73.7	0.8	70.2	2.7	67.8	1.4	66.3	0.1
LCM	01-09	182.6	3.6	161.7	17.3	156.4	6.5	143.1	6.7	134.8	3.7	127.0	4.1	238.0	36.9	195.1	6.0
	11-09	168.3	59.2	107.3	1.7	147.8	40.2	103.7	3.9
	12-09	48.9	0.8	23.3	24.9
	01-10	45.0	0.0	34.5	10.5	155.0	0.0	144.6	10.4
	07-10	68.5	0.4	31.9	36.2	59.3	10.6	45.2	3.4	57.1	0.0	47.9	9.2	60.9	0.1	57.0	3.7
	01-11	107.2	1.5	54.6	51.0	86.7	1.7	79.8	5.3	99.3	4.3	85.0	10.0	125.2	3.9	116.6	4.8
LCH	01-10	44.9	0.5	33.6	10.7	119.8	7.6	97.9	14.3
	07-10	51.6	23.6	19.2	8.8	56.1	29.9	22.8	3.5	70.3	0.0	63.0	7.3	69.4	0.6	68.5	0.3
	01-11	63.2	0.0	25.6	37.7	83.0	0.0	61.9	21.1	69.7	0.5	58.5	10.7	69.7	0.6	67.3	1.8
LCP	12-09	86.3	0.8	39.5	46.0
	01-10	45.0	10.8	30.4	3.8	108.0	69.2	36.0	2.9
	07-10	59.5	19.8	35.9	3.8	61.8	28.7	32.3	0.8
	01-11	31.3	0.0	18.5	12.8	81.7	0.0	72.4	9.3
LBP	07-09	83.6	8.9	49.3	25.4	40.9	2.1	30.1	8.7
	07-10	76.8		39.9	36.9	54.4	0.2	53.5	0.7
Mean		77.8	9.0	48.3	20.9	95.3	19.3	68.9	7.1	77.2	9.9	58.4	8.9	113.0	30.0	79.5	3.5

P: rainfall depth; ES: depth of surface runoff; D: depth of deep drainage; ΔS: change in storage.

Fig. 4 Mean infiltration coefficients in lysimeters subjected to greater (LPC) and lesser (LPD) soil turn-over.

Fig. 5 Surface runoff coefficients over the series of trials.