Intercomparison across scales between remotely-sensed land surface temperature and representative equilibrium temperature from a distributed energy water balance model

Figures & data

Fig. 1 The validation sites: Landriano (Italy; 0.01 km²) and Barrax (Spain; 12 km²) (from Google Images) and the Upper Po River basin (Italy; about 38 000 km²) from a MODIS RGB image.

Fig. 2 Field-scale comparison between simulated RET and LST (°C) measured at the station and retrieved from MODIS. The regression equation and R² are reported.

Table 1 Field-scale statistical parameters between RET (°C) and LST (°C) from the ground radiometer and from MODIS (Std Dev: standard deviation).

Radiometer		MBE (Std Dev) (°C)	RMSE (°C)	RE (%)	η
MODIS	Total data	2.2 (2.1)	2.5	8.1	0.85
	Diurnal data	2.4 (2.1)	3.3	11.0	0.79
	Nocturnal data	–0.66 (3.3)	2.1	11.6	0.83
	Bare soil period	2.9 (2.4)	5.3	10.5	0.79
	Vegetation period	1.8 (1.6)	2.4	7.4	0.86
Station	Total data	0.6 (1.6)	1.6	2.2	0.91
	Diurnal data	1.5 (1.6)	2.2	3.4	0.85
	Nocturnal data	–1.4 (2.0)	2.6	–1.8	0.9
	Bare soil period	–0.3 (2.1)	2.1	–2.9	0.87
	Vegetation period	0.2 (1.7)	2.4	0.6	0.92

Fig. 3 Field-scale comparison between simulated and observed SM (-) from 14 July to 2 October 2006.

Fig. 4 Agricultural district-scale values of RET (°C) and LST (°C) from AHS and their difference (RST – LST; °C), and SM (-) from FEST-EWB for 13 July 2005 at 13:45: maps and histograms.

Fig. 5 Agricultural district-scale spatial autocorrelation functions (AC) for RET (°C) and LST (°C) from AHS and SM (-) from FEST-EWB for 13 July 2005 at 13:45.

Fig. 6 Agricultural district-scale statistics for comparison between RET (°C) and LST (°C) from AHS for the 12 available images: (a) MBE, (b) RMSE, (c) RE and (d) η.

Table 2 Agricultural district-scale statistical parameters between RET (°C) and LST (°C) from AHS for the 12 available images. MBE and Std Dev (°C), RMSE (°C), RE (%) and η are computed considering the total database, diurnal and nocturnal data, bare soil and vegetated fields.

	MBE (Std Dev) (°C)	RMSE (°C)	RE (%)	η
Total data	–0.33 (2.5)	2.5	–1.4	0.78
Diurnal data	–0.15 (2.5)	2.4	–0.6	0.81
Nocturnal data	–1.21 (1.3)	2.9	–3.6	0.62
Bare soil	–0.2 (1.5)	1.3	–1.1	0.91
Vegetation with fractional cover >0.8	0.1 (2.1)	2.2	–2.1	0.77
Sparse vegetation	–0.5 (2.9)	3.1	–3.5	0.64

Fig. 7 Basin-scale images comparing RET (°C) and LST (°C) from MODIS for selected images for 2003.

Fig. 8 Basin-scale histograms comparing RET (°C) and LST (°C) from MODIS for 25 January at 13:00, 16 March at 13:00 and 7 June at 15:00, in 2003.

Fig. 9 Basin-scale autocorrelation functions (AC) for RET (°C) and LST (°C) from MODIS, and SM (-) from FEST-EWB for 25 January at 13:00, 16 March at 13:00 and 7 June at 15:00, in 2003.

Fig. 10 Basin-scale statistical parameters for comparison between RET (°C) and LST (°C) from MODIS for the 130 selected images: (a) MBE, (b) RMSE, (c) RE and (d) η.

Table 3 Basin-scale statistical parameters between RET (°C) and LST (°C) from MODIS for the 130 selected images. MBE and Std Dev (°C), RMSE (°C), RE (%) and η are computed considering the total database, diurnal and nocturnal data, and according to vegetation types coverage.

	MBE (Std Dev) (°C)	RMSE (°C)	RE %	η
Total basin	2.9 (5.8)	5	5.1	0.8
Diurnal data	1.49 (4.5)	4.7	3.5	0.78
Nocturnal data	–1.45 (3.1)	3.8	1.0	0.82
Forest	2.1 (6.4)	6.4	4.5	0.79
Agricultural area	3.4 (5.7)	5.1	6.8	0.73
Pasture and brushwood area	2.2 (4.9)	4	4.8	0.75
Rice paddies	2.2 (5.7)	4.7	3.7	0.83
Water	1.9 (2.9)	4.3	2.5	0.88