Effects of hysteresis, rainfall dynamics, and temporal resolution of rainfall input data in solute transport modelling in uncropped soil

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of the three rainfall observation sites in Sweden: (A) Malmö, (B) Norrköping, and (C) Petisträsk.

Table 1. Soil properties, soil texture according to FAO (2006).

Depth (cm)	Sand (%)	Silt (%)	Clay (%)	Bulk density (g cm^-^3)
Soil 1
0–20	80	16.5	3.5	1.53
20–45	78.8	18.3	2.9	1.55
45–70	84.3	11.8	3.9	1.55
>70	93.4	4.8	1.8	1.56
Soil 2
0–20	68.0	27.2	4.8	1.48
20–150	58.2	33.0	8.9	1.48
>150	40.5	44.6	14.9	1.65
Soil 3
0–120	59.0	25.6	15.4	1.45
120–150	36.9	32.8	30.3	1.50
>150	35.3	36.5	28.2	1.60

Table 2. Parameters describing the rainfall properties.

Parameter	Unit	Malmö			Norrköping			Petisträsk
		Min	Max	Mean	Min	Max	Mean	Min	Max	Mean
Ptot	mm	248	574	362	288	409	343	250	500	370
SD		0.199	0.371	0.272	0.184	0.349	0.265	0.165	0.410	0.265
Max P/30 min	mm	6.2	18.9	11.7	4.7	18	10.1	5.8	28.8	13.2
Mid day	d	94	161	121	103	152	126	96	150	132
Wet fraction	%	4.6	7.9	5.9	4.54	7.8	6.0	5.7	10.4	7.8
No. of 30-min periods with P > 3 mm		6	34	13.5	5	23	14.1	1	21	10.9
No. of 30-min periods with P > 5 mm		2	10	5	0	12	4.8	1	10	3.9
No. of rain events (>0.5 mm)		73	131	96.5	72	115	96.3	84	143	104.1
No. of large rain events (>10 mm)		0	14	7.8	2	12	7.4	2	12	7.1
P/event (>0.5 mm)	mm	2.6	4.6	3.5	2.3	3.7	3.0	2.2	4.2	3.1
P/large event (>10 mm)	mm	0	26.2	16.3	12.32	19.4	15.8	13.4	24.9	16.6
Volume of rain for rain events >10 mm	mm	0	262.2	134.9	27.1	192.2	118.3	34	251.9	120.9

Figure 2. Data from Malmö, Soil 1. Top pane precipitation, middle z_com considering hysteresis, and bottom z_com without considering hysteresis with a 0.5-h input time step.

Table 3. Mean z_COM (m) for the simulation period at all sites and soil types.

Input time step (h)	Soil 1		Soil 2		Soil 3
	Hysteresis	No hysteresis	Hysteresis	No hysteresis	Hysteresis	No hysteresis
Malmö
0.5	0.623	0.733	0.311	0.387	0.282	0.302
4	0.656	0.761	0.335	0.383	0.287	0.301
24	0.728	0.673	0.364	0.369	0.303	0.295
Norrköping
0.5	0.466	0.627	0.258	0.307	0.212	0.240
4	0.536	0.611	0.276	0.302	0.238	0.239
24	0.523	0.530	0.273	0.284	0.232	0.229
Petisträsk
0.5	0.851	0.988	0.465	0.522	0.393	0.414
4	0.893	0.975	0.473	0.518	0.395	0.410
24	0.938	0.933	0.506	0.503	0.404	0.404

Table 4. Mean z_LC (m) for the simulation period at all sites and soil types.

Input time step (h)	Soil 1		Soil 2		Soil 3
	Hysteresis	No hysteresis	Hysteresis	No hysteresis	Hysteresis	No hysteresis
Malmö
0.5	1.480	1.612	0.795	0.833	0.696	0.704
4	1.508	1.599	0.809	0.828	0.701	0.702
24	1.548	1.536	0.820	0.816	0.713	0.699
Norrköping
0.5	1.341	1.558	0.756	0.807	0.653	0.675
4	1.400	1.522	0.775	0.796	0.671	0.669
24	1.422	1.397	0.771	0.791	0.665	0.670
Petisträsk
0.5	1.766	1.917	0.937	0.981	0.796	0.809
4	1.819	1.899	0.950	0.982	0.801	0.810
24	1.864	1.852	0.975	0.970	0.808	0.805

Table 5. Correlation coefficients between rainfall dynamic parameters and z_COM/P_tot for hysteretic flow. Values in italics are significant at the p = 0.05 level, values in bold are significant at the p = 0.01 level.

	Malmö			Norrköping			Petisträsk
Parameter	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3
Ptot	0.629	0.701	0.605	0.355	0.251	−0.001	0.434	0.539	0.413
SD	0.534	0.746	0.699	0.592	0.191	−0.080	0.613	0.694	0.629
Max P/30 min	0.100	0.218	0.129	0.330	−0.033	−0.208	0.463	0.560	0.514
Mid day	0.332	0.691	0.765	0.268	0.378	0.320	0.073	0.358	0.348
Wet fraction	0.422	0.413	0.326	−0.159	0.241	0.288	0.220	0.244	0.130
No. of 30-min periods with P > 3 mm	0.331	0.510	0.466	0.490	0.354	0.110	0.591	0.711	0.619
No. of 30-min periods with P > 5 mm	0.361	0.686	0.717	0.733	0.404	0.175	0.597	0.634	0.549
No. of rain events (>0.5 mm)	0.322	0.528	0.441	−0.029	0.250	0.209	0.220	0.234	0.126
No. of large rain events (>10 mm)	0.511	0.331	0.279	0.074	−0.424	−0.623	0.444	0.521	0.409
P/event (>0.5 mm)	0.709	0.576	0.513	−0.275	0.108	0.248	−0.403	−0.517	−0.428
P/large event (>10 mm)	0.543	0.490	0.451	0.250	0.146	−0.089	0.541	0.700	0.724
Volume of rain for rain events >10 mm	0.687	0.570	0.495	0.208	−0.251	−0.521	0.544	0.679	0.594

Table 6. Correlation coefficients between rainfall dynamic parameters and z_COM/P_tot for non-hysteretic flow. Values in italics are significant at the p = 0.05 level, values in bold are significant at the p = 0.01 level.

	Malmö			Norrköping			Petisträsk
Parameter	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3
Ptot	0.768	0.820	0.720	0.779	0.366	0.128	0.464	0.559	0.469
SD	0.662	0.758	0.747	0.799	0.464	0.090	0.575	0.641	0.591
Max P/30 min	0.280	0.125	0.129	0.429	0.219	−0.002	0.385	0.455	0.475
Mid day	0.416	0.565	0.688	0.299	0.516	0.518	−0.016	0.240	0.307
Wet fraction	0.618	0.500	0.393	−0.182	0.011	0.288	0.252	0.311	0.228
No. of 30-min periods with P > 3 mm	0.373	0.577	0.527	0.851	0.555	0.210	0.568	0.653	0.588
No. of 30-min periods with P > 5 mm	0.397	0.623	0.694	0.789	0.576	0.245	0.567	0.601	0.520
No. of rain events (>0.5 mm)	0.535	0.557	0.489	0.072	0.114	0.258	0.225	0.309	0.190
No. of large rain events (>10 mm)	0.716	0.556	0.420	0.287	−0.260	−0.593	0.523	0.561	0.443
P/event (>0.5 mm)	0.726	0.744	0.655	−0.511	−0.145	0.196	−0.440	−0.493	−0.436
P/large event (>10 mm)	0.492	0.549	0.505	0.450	0.324	0.119	0.551	0.633	0.695
Volume of rain for rain events >10 mm	0.791	0.779	0.649	0.483	−0.034	−0.408	0.607	0.672	0.610

Table 7. Correlation coefficients between rainfall dynamic parameters and z_LC/P_tot for hysteretic flow. Values in italics are significant at the p = 0.05 level, values in bold are significant at the p = 0.01 level.

	Malmö			Norrköping			Petisträsk
Parameter	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3
Ptot	0.197	–0.700	–0.859	0.073	–0.426	–0.565	–0.486	–0.633	–0.840
SD	0.099	–0.590	–0.687	0.625	0.215	0.023	–0.068	–0.119	–0.366
Max P/30 min	–0.057	–0.397	–0.435	0.487	0.224	0.057	0.068	0.142	–0.119
Mid day	0.081	–0.079	–0.091	0.272	0.446	0.410	–0.623	–0.593	–0.578
Wet fraction	0.157	–0.576	–0.722	–0.475	–0.435	–0.351	–0.452	–0.648	–0.763
No. of 30-min periods with P > 3 mm	–0.121	–0.666	–0.717	0.396	0.015	–0.109	–0.162	–0.204	–0.445
No. of 30-min periods with P > 5 mm	–0.022	–0.390	–0.405	0.692	0.229	0.149	–0.004	0.007	–0.297
No. of rain events (>0.5 mm)	–0.009	–0.604	–0.733	–0.422	–0.591	–0.471	–0.480	–0.714	–0.777
No. of large rain events (>10 mm)	0.314	–0.345	–0.534	0.310	–0.057	–0.277	–0.376	–0.497	–0.706
P/event (>0.5 mm)	0.380	–0.454	–0.596	–0.500	–0.290	–0.068	0.382	0.482	0.681
P/large event (>10 mm)	0.231	–0.574	–0.623	0.137	0.161	–0.013	0.100	0.173	0.011
Volume of rain for rain events >10 mm	0.353	–0.540	–0.722	0.349	0.011	–0.248	–0.264	–0.296	–0.547

Table 8. Correlation coefficients between rainfall dynamic parameters and z_LC/P_tot for non-hysteretic flow. Values in italics are significant at the p = 0.05 level, values in bold are significant at the p = 0.01 level.

	Malmö			Norrköping			Petisträsk
Parameter	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3	Soil 1	Soil 2	Soil 3
Ptot	0.250	–0.632	–0.785	0.131	–0.312	0.589	–0.722	–0.690	–0.835
SD	0.238	–0.573	–0.641	0.732	0.408	0.645	–0.309	–0.217	–0.404
Max P/30 min	0.098	–0.394	–0.425	0.429	0.367	0.430	–0.161	0.007	–0.190
Mid day	0.233	–0.100	–0.090	0.275	0.410	0.646	–0.722	–0.666	–0.587
Wet fraction	0.224	–0.475	–0.630	–0.755	–0.637	–0.094	–0.641	–0.677	–0.721
No. of 30-min periods with P > 3 mm	–0.048	–0.668	–0.695	0.641	0.168	0.632	–0.371	–0.272	–0.463
No. of 30-min periods with P > 5 mm	0.083	–0.403	–0.363	0.751	0.338	0.632	–0.201	–0.068	–0.294
No. of rain events (>0.5 mm)	0.103	–0.551	–0.643	–0.594	–0.661	0.038	–0.635	–0.723	–0.728
No. of large rain events (>10 mm)	0.502	–0.326	–0.513	0.458	0.093	0.054	–0.573	–0.529	–0.716
P/event (>0.5 mm)	0.366	–0.396	–0.566	–0.748	–0.464	–0.407	0.592	0.539	0.717
P/large event (>10 mm)	0.116	–0.488	–0.545	0.336	0.302	0.360	–0.064	0.061	–0.059
Volume of rain for rain events >10 mm	0.409	–0.480	–0.676	0.542	0.195	0.246	–0.480	–0.368	–0.587

FAO, 2006. Guidelines for soil description. 4th ed. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

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