On the changes in long-term streamflow regimes in the North American Prairies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area and location of the selected watersheds. The watersheds and precipitation stations are numbered based on the first columns of Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.

Table 1. Hydrophysical characteristics of the selected watersheds.

No.	Station ID	Station name	Gross drainage area (km^2)	Effective drainage area (km^2)	Effective/gross ratio (%)	Recording period
1	05MA021	Magnusson Creek near Wynyard	94	81	87	March–October
2	05ME007	Smith Creek near Marchwell	445	85	19	March–October
3	05MA016	Romance Creek near Watson	537	206	38	March–October
4	05MA012	Ironspring Creek near Watson	572	317	55	March–October
5	05LJ012	Vermilion River near Dauphin	676	676	100	March–October
6	05LE005	Roaring River near Minitonas	840	840	100	March–October
7	05HG002	Brightwater Creek near Kenast	864	193.02	22	March–October
8	05ME003	Birdtail Creek near Birtle	1105	556	50	March–October
9	05MG004	Oak River near Rivers	1166	277	24	March–October
10	05KA001	Carrot River near Kinistino	1582	486	31	March–April
11	05JK004	Jumping Deer Creek near Lipton	1715	155	9	March–October
12	05MD005	Shell River near Inglis	1968	938	48	Annual
13	05LE004	Woody River near Bowsman	2109	2083	99	March–October
14	05MF001	Little Saskatchewan River near Minnedosa	2609	1586	61	Annual
15	05LE006	Swan River near Minitonas	4233	3593	85	March–October
16	05KH007	Carrot River near Turnberry	15 304	10 737	70	Annual
17	05MH013	Assiniboine River near Brandon	93 663	29 960	32	Annual

Figure 2. Number of remaining wetlands in a 44 wetland sample in the Carrot River watershed near Melfort during the 1962–2010 period.

Table 2. Precipitation stations used to estimate precipitation over the study area.

No.	Station ID	Station name	Record period	Mean annual precipitation (mm)
1	5010485	Brandon CDA	1895–2012	516
2	4013640–4011846	Cote	1944–2006	483
3	4013480	Indian Head	1944–2007	489
4	4013660	Kelliher	1957–2012	518
5	4015440	Muenster	1967–2005	448
6	4055736	Outlook PFRA	1952–2007	374
7	4086000	Pelly	1967–2012	591
8	4016560	Regina A	1904–2007	459
9	4057120	Saskatoon	1899–2007	354
10	5052880	The Pas A	1921–2012	533
11	4019040	Yellow Grass	1933–2012	460

Table 3. Annual runoff ratio and effective drainage area ratio for the selected watersheds.

No.	Station name	Effective drainage area ratio (%)	Annual runoff ratio (%)
1	Jumping Deer Creek near Lipton	9	0.24
2	Smith Creek near Marchwell	19	2.2
3	Brightwater Creek near Kenast	22	1.3
4	Oak River near Rivers	24	1.9
5	Carrot River near Kinistino	31	4.1
6	Assiniboine River near Brandon	32	3
7	Romance Creek near Watson	38	2.6
8	Shell River near Inglis	48	11
9	Birdtail Creek near Birtle	50	9.5
10	Ironspring Creek near Watson	55	4.4
11	Little Saskatchewan River near Minnedosa	61	9
12	Carrot River near Turnberry	70	8
13	Swan River near Minitonas	85	10
14	Magnusson Creek near Wynyard	87	5.8
15	Woody River Near Bowsman	99	12
16	Vermilion River Near Dauphin	100	16.7
17	Roaring River Near Minitonas	100	17
	Average	55	7

Figure 3. Relationship between effective drainage area ratio and runoff ratio.

Table 4. Change point analysis results for different precipitation metrics. The numbers in the 4th and the 5th columns represent the timing (year) of detected shifts. Underlined years indicates an upward shift, the other years experienced downward shifts.

No.	Station ID	Station name	Annual total precipitation	Annual daily maximum precipitation
1	5010485	Brandon CDA	1981	No Shift
2	4013640–4011846	Cote	1983	1983
3	4013480	Indian Head	1995	1986
4	4013660	Kelliher	1990	1990
5	4015440	Muenster	No Shift	No Shift
6	4055736	Outlook PFRA	1987	1984
7	4086000	Pelly	1982	No Shift
8	4016560	Regina A	No Shift	1978
9	4057120	Saskatoon	No Shift	1984
10	5052880	The Pas A	1979	1988
11	4019040	Yellow Grass	1978, 1990	No Shift

Table 5. Shift analysis results for runoff metrics. The numbers in the 4th to 6th columns represent the timing (year) of detected shifts. Underlined years indicate an upward shift.

No.	Station ID	Station name	Annual runoff	Annual runoff ratio	Annual peak flow
1	05MA021	Magnusson Creek near Wynyard	No Shift	1987	1982
2	05ME007	Smith Creek near Marchwell	1995	1991	1995
3	05MA016	Romance Creek near Watson	No Shift	No Shift	No Shift
4	05MA012	Ironspring Creek near Watson	No Shift	No Shift	No Shift
5	05LJ012	Vermilion River near Dauphin	No Shift	1980	1980
6	05LE005	Roaring River near Minitonas	No Shift	No Shift	1988
7	05HG002	Brightwater Creek near Kenast	1980	1981	1980
8	05ME003	Birdtail Creek near Birtle	No Shift	No Shift	No Shift
9	05MG004	Oak River near Rivers	1980, 1994	1978, 1994	1980
10	05KA001	Carrot River near Kinistino	No Shift	No Shift	1980
11	05JK004	Jumping Deer Creek near Lipton	1980	1980, 1994	1986, 1999
12	05MD005	Shell River near Inglis	No Shift	No Shift	No Shift
13	05LE004	Woody River near Bowsman	1983	No Shift	1987
14	05MF001	Little Saskatchewan River near Minnedosa	No Shift	1978, 1994	No Shift
15	05LE006	Swan River near Minitonas	No Shift	No Shift	No Shift
16	05KH007	Carrot River near Turnberry	1980	1987	1980
17	05MH013	Assiniboine River near Brandon	No Shift	No Shift	No Shift

Figure 4. Change point detection result for runoff ratio in Carrot River near Kinistino (05KA001).

Figure 5. Change point detection result for runoff ratio in Carrot River near Turnberry (05KH007).

Figure 6. Change point detection result for runoff ratio in Smith Creek near Marchwell (05ME007).

Figure 7. Trend analysis results for precipitation and runoff variables. Circles represent the location of precipitation stations and the corresponding colours indicate the direction of trends in the stations. The watersheds and precipitation stations are numbered based on the first columns of Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.

Table 6. Trend analysis results (Z values) for annual cumulative and maximum precipitation.

No.	Station ID	Station name	Annual total precipitation	Annual maximum precipitation
1	5010485	Brandon CDA	−1.01	−0.66
2	4013640–4011846	Cote	1.14	−0.38
3	4013480	Indian Head	−1.86	−1.21
4	4013660	Kelliher	1.90	−0.10
5	4015440	Muenster	1.21	−0.38
6	4055736	Outlook PFRA	0.96	−0.63
7	4086000	Pelly	1.63	0.24
8	4016560	Regina A	−0.85	−0.94
9	4057120	Saskatoon	−0.22	0.01
10	5052880	The Pas A	−0.88	1.35
11	4019040	Yellow Grass	−0.14	−1.32

Table 7. Trend analysis results (Z values) for flow metrics.

No.	Station ID	Station name	Annual runoff	Annual runoff ratio	Annual peak flow
1	05MA021	Magnusson Creek near Wynyard	−0.12	−1.18	−0.01
2	05ME007	Smith Creek near Marchwell	2.7	1.57	1.96
3	05MA016	Romance Creek near Watson	1.08	0	0.43
4	05MA012	Ironspring Creek near Watson	0.84	−0.41	0.97
5	05LJ012	Vermilion River near Dauphin	−0.3	−0.4	0.14
6	05LE005	Roaring River near Minitonas	0.62	0.05	0.33
7	05HG002	Brightwater Creek near Kenast	0.49	−0.26	0.29
8	05ME003	Birdtail Creek near Birtle	0.77	0.54	0.25
9	05MG004	Oak River near Rivers	0.71	0.26	−0.08
10	05KA001	Carrot River near Kinistino	−0.59	−0.57	−0.17
11	05JK004	Jumping Deer Creek near Lipton	−0.35	0.08	−1.61
12	05MD005	Shell River near Inglis	0.71	0.2	0.9
13	05LE004	Woody River near Bowsman	0.22	−0.94	0.45
14	05MF001	Little Saskatchewan River near Minnedosa	0.26	0.48	0.1
15	05LE006	Swan River near Minitonas	0.35	−0.53	−0.08
16	05KH007	Carrot River near Turnberry	−0.55	−2.29	−1.11
17	05MH013	Assiniboine River near Brandon	1.13	1.19	0.84