Hydrological response characteristics of Mediterranean catchments at different time scales: a meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. The Mediterranean region: (a) relief and different limits; (b) annual water balance studies; (c) event-based studies; and (d) drought studies.

Table 1. Characteristics of the annual water balance studies in Mediterranean catchments. Nc: number of catchments; Ac: catchment area; Zc: catchment mean elevation; Period: period or number of years used to calculate the water balance components.

Region	Country	Study	Nc	Ac range (km^2)	Zc range (m)	Period
NWM	France	Adamovic et al. (2015)	4	16.7–103	892–1142	2000–2008
		Lespinas et al. (2014)	6	130–4957	367–1076	1960–2004
		Tramblay et al. (2013)	1	1808	–	1984–2010
		Coustau et al. (2012)	1	114	–	1994–2008
		Fox et al. (2012)	1	234	0–144	1950–2003
		Goswami et al. (2007)	3	150–291	79–850	1995–2003
		Moussa et al. (2007)	1	545	123–1567	1975–1984
	Italy	Tayfur et al. (2014)	1	137	250–887	1989–2010
		Pumo et al. (2013)	1	9.5	792	1957–2004
		De Girolamo and Lo Porto (2011)	1	488	70–960	1996–2007
		Longobardi and Vallini (2008)	28	18–5586	240–1397	6–65 years
		Fiorentino et al. (2007)	2	462–511	–	1951–1961
		Burlando and Rosso (2002)	1	4000	1000	1953–1992
		Brath and Montanari (2000)	1	1294	20–2121	1923–1970
	Portugal	Nunes and Seixas (2011)	1	290	–	1961–1990
	Spain	Bernal et al. (2013)	1	2.05	650–1343	1983–2010
		Candela et al. (2012)	1	615	20–1200	1984–2008
		Gallart et al. (2011)	2	504–1386	–	1940–2000
		Delgado et al. (2010)	1	256	–	1940–2001
		Estrany et al. (2010)	1	1.03	0–144	1974–2006
		Lana-Renault et al. (2007)	1	2.84	910–1340	1999–2005
		Ceballos and Schnabel (1998)	1	0.35	378	1991–1997
		Pinol et al. (1997)	2	0.38–0.51	680–1084	1981–1988
EM	Cyprus	Hessling (1999)	5	23–234	115–1400	1989–1994
	Greece	Koutroulis et al. (2013)	15	22–1294	–	1970–1999
		Nikolaidis et al. (2013)	1	132	0–2120	1973–2010
		Vasiliades and Loukas (2009)	7	133–6591	415–1400	1960–2002
		Tzoraki and Nikolaidis (2007)	1	149	0–2356	–
		Niadas (2005)	12	154–1118	565–1509	5–10 years
	Israel	Rimmer and Salingar (2006)	1	783	–	1969–2004
	Lebanon	Sene et al. (2000)	16	77–1815	–	1967–1974
	Turkey	Selek and Tuncok (2013)	1	17200	220	–
		Fujihara et al. (2008)	1	21700	–	1990–2004
SM	Algeria	Bakreti et al. (2013)	5	236–1819	205–760	1975–2006
		Mehaiguene et al. (2012)	24	95–2526	153–1139	30 years
		Benkaci Ali and Dechemi (2004)	1	575	–	1979–1989
	Morocco	Bouabid and Chafai Elalaoui (2010)	4	–	–	1959–2009
		De Jong et al. (2008)	1	1239	1500–4071	1963–1998
	Tunisia	Raclot and Albergel (2006)	1	2.45	–	1995–2002
		Bouraoui et al. (2005)	1	16000	132–1373	1988–1999

Table 2. Summary information of the flood studies in Figure 1(c). Nc: number of catchments; Ne: number of events; Ac: catchment area; X: data available, –: data not available.

Region	Country	Study	Nc	Ne	Ac (km^2)	Data availability
						Peak discharge	Rainfall depth	Runoff depth	Event duration
NWM	France	Nguyen et al. (2014)	18	13	6–2240	X	–	–	–
		Garambois et al. (2013)	6	9	144–619	X	X	–	–
		Artigue et al. (2012)	1	4	222	X	X	–	–
		Coustau et al. (2012)	1	21	114	X	X	X	–
		Tramblay et al. (2010)	1	20	3.83	X	X	X	X
		Vincendon et al. (2010)	4	4	1090–1910	X	X	–	X
	Italy	De Waele et al. (2010)	1	1	105	X	X	–	–
		Sangati et al. (2009)	6	3	75–2586	X	X	X	X
		Borga et al. (2007)	10	1	23.9–1843	X	X	X	X
		Brath et al. (2004)	1	15	1050	X	X	X	X
	Slovenia	Zanon et al. (2010)	4	1	31.8–211.9	X	X	X	X
	Spain	Lana-Renault et al. (2014)	2	5	3340–4915	X	X	X	–
		Amengual et al. (2006)	5	1	0.12–2.84	X	X	–	X
EM	Greece	Massari et al. (2014)	1	16	109	X	X	X	X
		Koutroulis and Tsanis (2010)	1	9	158	X	X	X	X
	Israel	Rozalis et al. (2010)	1	20	27	X	X	X	X
	Lebanon	Sene et al. (2000)	16	16	102–1345	X	–	–	–
NWM & EM	NWM & Israel	Tarolli et al. (2012)	12	12	12–699	X	X	X	X
SM	Morocco	Tramblay et al. (2012)	1	16	665	X	X	X	X
	Tunisia	Abida and Ellouze (2008)	42	–	3.2–16330	X	–	–	–
		Nasri et al. (2004)	2	4	3.16–18.1	X	X	X	–

Table 3. Summary of information on the chosen droughts studies in Figure 1(d). Nc: number of catchments.

Region	Country	Study	Nc	Period
NWM	France	Ruffault et al. (2013)	–	1971–2006
		Vidal et al. (2012)	–	1957–2007
		Chaouche et al. (2010)	13	1970–2006
	Italy	Capra et al. (2013)	–	1921–2007
		Diodato and Bellocchi (2008)	–	1961–2006
		Mendicino et al. (2008)	16	1957–2007
	Spain	Terrado et al. (2014)	1	1951–2000
		Vicente-Serrano et al. (2014)	–	1961–2011
		Lopez-Bustins et al. (2013)	3	1984–2008
		Marquès et al. (2013)	1	1971–2100
		Bangash et al. (2012)	1	2002–2006
		Gómez Gómez and Pérez Blanco (2012)	1	1941–2009
		Ruiz-Sinoga et al. (2012)	–	1964–2008
		Lorenzo-Lacruz et al. (2010)	3	1961–2006
		Vicente-Serrano and López-Moreno (2005)	1	1950–2000
	Spain & Portugal	Vicente-Serrano (2006)	–	1910–2000
EM	Greece	Vrochidou et al. (2013)	1	1974–1999
		Tigkas et al. (2012)	6	1970–1997
		Mavromatis and Stathis (2011)	–	1961–2006
		Vangelis et al. (2011)	–	1955–2002
		Nalbantis and Tsakiris (2009)	–	1970–2000
		Vasiliades and Loukas (2009)	7	1960–2002
		Tsakiris et al. (2007)	2	1962–2001
	Israel	Aviad et al. (2009)	–	1960–1990
		Kafle and Bruins (2009)	–	1970–2002
	Lebanon	Shaban (2009)	–	1963–2007
	Turkey	Dogan et al. (2012)	1	1972–2009
		Yilmaz and Harmancioglu (2010)	1	1995–2003
		Turkes and Tatli (2009)	–	1929–1993
SM	Algeria	Hamlaoui-Moulai et al. (2013)	4	1914–2004
		Hamlat et al. (2012)	4	2006–2030
	Morocco	Esper et al. (2007)	–	1050–2000
	Tunisia	Abouabdillah et al. (2010)	1	1992–1996

Table 4. Summary statistics of climatic and hydrological variables for the studied catchments (Table 1 and Fig. 1(b)) for the three Mediterranean sub-regions (NWM, EM and SM). MAP: mean annual precipitation; ET0: reference evapotranspiration; MAQ: mean annual runoff.

		MAP (mm)	ET0 (mm)	MAQ (mm)	ET0/MAP (–)	MAQ/MAP (–)
NWM	Min–Max	589–1892	775–1617	33–1579	0.45–2.21	0.06–1.21
	Median	1113	933	485	0.84	0.46
	Interquartile range	891–1366	868–990	319–763	0.67–1.04	0.32–0.62
EM	Min–Max	428–1718	957–1517	12–1437	0.62–2.91	0.02–0.99
	Median	924	1391	105	1.56	0.17
	Interquartile range	713–1294	1120–1444	105–649	1.02–1.99	0.06–0.57
SM	Min–Max	257–1100	519–2382	4–460	1.07–4.29	0.01–0.73
	Median	376	1157	33	2.88	0.08
	Interquartile range	327–433	811–1272	15–56	2.39–3.19	0.05–0.14

Figure 2. Relationship between mean annual runoff (MAQ) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) for the three studied sub-regions (NWM, EM and SM). Filled symbols indicate karstic catchments in each sub-region.

Figure 3. Plot of mass balance data from the study catchments on a Budyko diagram: mean annual runoff coefficient MAQ/MAP function of the aridity index ET0/MAP. MAP: mean annual precipitation; MAQ: mean annual runoff; ET0: mean annual reference evapotranspiration for the three sub-regions NWM, EM and SM; Filled symbols indicate karstic catchments in each sub-region.

Figure 4. Monthly distribution of events per geographic sub-region.

Figure 5. Relationship between rainfall depth and event duration for the studied events over the three studied sub-regions (NWM, EM and SM).

Figure 6. Relationship between unit peak discharge and (a) catchment area, (b) rainfall depth and (c) event duration.

Figure 7. Relationship between (a) runoff depth and rainfall depth, and (b) runoff ratio and rainfall depth.

Table 5. The main objectives and the models used for continuous streamflow simulation studies in the Mediterranean.

Theme	Objectives	Region	Study	Model
Simulation	Assessment of model performance	NWM	Delgado et al. (2010)	HYLUC
			Franchini and Pacciani (1991)	STANFORD IV;TANK; APIC; SACRAMENTO; SSARR; XINANJIANG; ARNO
		EM	Pisinaras et al. (2010)	SWAT
			Hessling (1999)	PHASE
		SM	Raclot and Albergel (2006)	WEPP
			Bouraoui et al. (2005)	SWAT
			Benkaci Ali and Dechemi (2004)	GR3J, CREC, ARMAX
	Improve model performance and reduce uncertainty	NWM	Tayfur et al. (2014)	GRNM
			Milella et al. (2012)	DREAM
			Loaiza Usuga and Pauwels (2008)	TOPLATS
			Gallart et al. (2007)	TOPMODEL
	New model development	NWM	Silvestro et al. (2013)	Continuum model
			Moussa et al. (2007)	ModSpa
		EM	Efstratiadis et al. (2008)	HYDROGEIOS
			Rozos et al. (2004)	Modified Thornthwaite model coupled to a Darcian multi-cell groundwater flow module
			Hreiche (2003)	MEDOR
	Limited data	EM	Ramadan et al. (2012)	HRR
	Karstic catchment	NWM	Makropoulos et al. (2008)	3 models: A quasi-physically based model; a black box/transfer function model and a conceptual model
		EM	Hartmann et al. (2012)	Conceptual reservoir models
			Nikolaidis et al. (2013)	Modified SWAT
			Kourgialas et al. (2010)	HSPF coupled to a snowmelt model and a conceptual Karstic reservoir and a karstic channel model
			Tzoraki and Nikolaidis (2007)	HSPF coupled to a two-reservoirs karstic model
			Rozos and Koutsoyiannis (2006)	3dkflow
			Rimmer and Salingar (2006)	HYMKE
Scenario testing	LUC impact	NWM	De Girolamo and Lo Porto (2011)	SWAT
			Estrany et al. (2010)	Thornthwaite-Mather model
	CC impact	NWM	Candela et al. (2012)	HEC-HMS coupled to VisualBALAN
			Nunes et al. (2008), Nunes and Seixas (2011)	SWAT
			Senatore et al. (2011)	ln-STRHym
			Burlando and Rosso (2002)	PRMS
		EM	Hreiche et al. (2007)	MEDOR
		SM	Bakreti et al. (2013)	Hydrological indices
			Bouabid and Chafai Elalaoui (2010)	IHACRES, HEC-HMS
	LUC & CC impact	NWM	Collet et al. (2013)	GR4J
			D’Agostino et al. (2010)	DiCaSM
			Gallart et al. (2011)	SACRAMENTO; Zhang equation
			Ceballos-Barbancho et al. (2008)	Statistical analysis
			Gallart and Llorens (2004)	Annual water balance (Dooge et al. 1999)
		EM	Albek et al. (2004)	HSPF
	Erosion	NWM	Lesschen et al. (2009)	LAPSUS
		SM	Raclot and Albergel (2006)	WEPP

Table 6. The main objectives and models used for event-based studies in the Mediterranean.

Theme	Objectives	Region	Study	Model
Simulation	Impact of catchment characteristics and wetness conditions on catchment response	NWM	Massari et al. (2015)	SCRRM coupled to H-SAF soil moisture product
			Huza et al. (2014)	Field data analysis
			Molina et al. (2014)	Field data analysis
			Manus et al. (2009)	Tailored model in LIQUID
			Tramblay et al. (2010)	SCS-CN
			Brocca et al. (2008)	Water balance
			Fiorentino et al. (2007)	DREAM
			Brath and Montanari (2000)	SCS-CN
		EM	Massari et al. (2014)	MISD & SCRRM
		SM	Tramblay et al. (2012)	SCS-CN
	Runoff generation processes and catchment hydrological response	NWM	Gallart et al. (2007, 2011)	Rainfall–runoff relationships, water table dynamics; TOPMODEL
			Lana-Renault et al. (2007)	Rainfall–runoff relationships, water table dynamics
	Peak flood estimation and flash flood characterization	NWM	Petroselli et al. (2013)	SCS-CN/Green-Ampt
			Roux et al. (2011)	MARINE
			Gaume and Bouvier (2004)	SCS-CN
			Gaume et al. (2003b), Gaume and Bouvier (2004)	SCS-CN;
		EM	Koutroulis and Tsanis (2010)	Empirical equation
			Rozalis et al. (2010)	Modified SCS
		SM	Nasri et al. (2004)	Geomorphological model
	Impact of data and parameter inputs on model performance	NWM	Maneta et al. (2007)	Five-parameters overland flow model
			Brath et al. (2004)	SCS-CN
Scenario testing	Land cover impact of floods	NWM	Cosandey et al. (2005)	HRR
			Lana-Renault et al. (2011)	Paired catchments
	Climate change impact	NWM	Mediero et al. (2014)	Trend analysis
			Nunes et al. (2013)	MEFIDIS
	Impact of fire on floods	NWM	Mayor et al. (2007)	Paired catchments
		EM	Vafeidis et al. (2007)	Paired catchments
	Flood risk mitigation	NWM	Ballesteros-Cánovas et al. (2013)	HEC-HMS
		EM	Komuscu and Celik (2013)	Hydro-meteorological analysis
			Gul et al. (2010)	HEC-HMS

SCS-CN: Soil Conservation Service-curve number model.

Table 7. The main objectives and methods used for the chosen drought studies in the Mediterranean.

Theme	Objectives	Region	Country	Study	Methods
Simulation	Drought analysis	NWM	France	Vidal et al. (2012)	ISBA model; SPI & SWI
			Italy	Diodato and Bellocchi (2008)	Cy; HPR; MCDI
			Spain	Ruiz-Sinoga et al. (2012)	DDSLR index
			Spain & Portugal	Vicente-Serrano (2006)	SPI
		EM	Greece	Tsakiris et al. (2007)	RDI; SPI
				Tigkas et al. (2012)	RDI, SDI & Medbasin model
				Vangelis et al. (2011)	Bivariate analysis for RDI
				Nalbantis and Tsakiris (2009)	SDI
			Lebanon	Shaban (2009)	Hydrological drought indices
			Israel	Aviad et al. (2009)	DDSLR
		SM	Algeria	Hamlaoui-Moulai et al. (2013)	Trend analysis, PCA
			Morocco	Esper et al. (2007)	PDSI & Cedar tree-ring width
	Efficacy of Drought indices	NWM	Italy	Mendicino et al. (2008)	GRI
			Spain	Vicente-Serrano and López-Moreno (2005)	SPI
		EM	Greece	Vasiliades and Loukas (2009)	PDI & UTHBAL model
			Turkey	Dogan et al. (2012)	PN-Mean; RDDI; Z-score; CZI; SPI; EDI
				Turkes and Tatli (2009)	SPI & modified SPI
Scenario testing	Water resources management	NWM	Spain	Terrado et al. (2014)	InVEST model
				Bangash et al. (2012)	MIKE BASIN model
				Gómez Gómez and Pérez Blanco (2012)	Risk assessment model
		EM	Turkey	Yilmaz and Harmancioglu (2010)	WEAP model
		SM	Algeria	Hamlat et al. (2012)	WEAP model
	Climatic trends	NWM	France	Chaouche et al. (2010)	Climatic trends
			Spain	Vicente-Serrano et al. (2014)	12 methods for ET0 estimation
		EM	Greece	Mavromatis and Stathis (2011)	Trends in hydrological parameters
			Israel	Kafle and Bruins (2009)	Climatic trends
	CC impact	NWM	France	Ruffault et al. (2013)	SIERRA model
			Italy	Capra et al. (2013)	SPI
			Spain	Lopez-Bustins et al. (2013)	SWAT model; SPI & SPEI
				Marquès et al. (2013)	InVEST model
				Lorenzo-Lacruz et al. (2010)	SPI and SPEI
		EM	Greece	Vrochidou et al. (2013)	IHMS-HBV model
		SM	Tunisia	Abouabdillah et al. (2010)	SWAT model

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