“I must do this!”: A latent profile analysis approach to understanding the role of irrational beliefs and motivation regulation in mental and physical health

Figures & data

Table 1. Means and standard deviations of main study variables within mental health cut off points for study 1 and study 2

Study 1 – Exercise Participants
Depression
	Minimal	Mild	Moderate	Severe	Extremely Severe
Demandingness	13.67 ± 2.92	14.07 ± 3.31	14.64 ± 3.05	15.37 ± 2.66	15.74 ± 3.26
Awfulizing	14.84 ± 3.83	15.13 ± 3.63	15.48 ± 3.39	16.67 ± 2.65	16.65 ± 2.98
Frustration Intolerance	13.24 ± 2.91	13.59 ± 3.58	13.71 ± 3.29	15.28 ± 3.00	15.33 ± 3.00
Depreciation	7.77 ± 3.81	9.49 ± 3.99	10.47 ± 3.79	11.07 ± 4.60	11.24 ± 4.18
Intrinsic	5.25 ± 1.32	5.18 ± 1.24	5.34 ± 1.19	4.93 ± 1.36	4.73 ± 1.35
Integrated	4.95 ± 1.39	4.70 ± 1.47	5.00 ± 1.24	4.50 ± 1.53	4.36 ± 1.50
Identified	5.54 ± 1.11	5.42 ± 1.17	5.46 ± 1.06	5.32 ± 1.07	4.96 ± 1.35
Introjected	5.36 ± 1.00	5.27 ± 1.11	5.33 ± 1.12	5.15 ± 1.05	4.80 ± 1.29
External	2.65 ± 1.68	2.68 ± 1.71	2.76 ± 1.83	2.81 ± 1.68	2.79 ± 1.94
Amotivation	2.56 ± 1.68	2.64 ± 1.82	2.51 ± 1.93	2.54 ± 1.74	2.75 ± 1.92
Anxiety
	Minimal	Mild	Moderate	Severe	Extremely Severe
Demandingness	13.72 ± 3.17	13.97 ± 3.11	14.50 ± 3.40	15.31 ± 2.67	15.30 ± 3.02
Awfulizing	14.45 ± 4.02	15.13 ± 3.65	15.71 ± 3.36	16.25 ± 2.63	16.56 ± 3.07
Frustration Intolerance	12.98 ± 3.39	13.57 ± 3.28	13.99 ± 3.37	14.94 ± 3.22	14.77 ± 2.98
Depreciation	8.11 ± 4.21	8.83 ± 3.80	10.71 ± 3.94	11.06 ± 4.30	10.72 ± 4.60
Intrinsic	5.20 ± 1.30	5.32 ± 1.19	4.95 ± 1.41	5.08 ± 1.26	4.74 ± 1.37
Integrated	4.83 ± 1.44	4.92 ± 1.39	4.64 ± 1.49	4.56 ± 1.41	4.31 ± 1.59
Identified	5.59 ± 1.13	5.59 ± 1.04	5.09 ± 1.26	5.20 ± 1.06	5.11 ± 1.37
Introjected	5.42 ± 1.06	5.34 ± 1.01	5.23 ± 1.25	4.97 ± 1.07	5.01 ± 1.24
External	2.72 ± 1.79	2.59 ± 1.66	3.06 ± 1.83	2.36 ± 1.52	3.18 ± 1.84
Amotivation	2.61 ± 1.86	2.51 ± 1.76	2.86 ± 1.90	2.35 ± 1.62	2.92 ± 1.80
Stress
	Minimal	Mild	Moderate	Severe	Extremely Severe
Demandingness	13.84 ± 3.18	14.52 ± 2.94	15.36 ± 3.07	15.19 ± 3.15	15.27 ± 2.14
Awfulizing	14.89 ± 3.75	15.64 ± 3.42	16.35 ± 2.97	16.32 ± 2.93	16.87 ± 2.30
Frustration Intolerance	13.30 ± 3.32	14.10 ± 3.35	15.03 ± 3.12	14.69 ± 3.18	15.33 ± 2.36
Depreciation	8.70 ± 3.95	10.07 ± 3.97	11.01 ± 4.56	10.77 ± 4.28	11.00 ± 4.42
Intrinsic	5.28 ± 1.24	5.03 ± 1.27	5.10 ± 1.29	4.95 ± 1.43	4.47 ± 1.43
Integrated	4.97 ± 1.35	4.25 ± 1.53	4.80 ± 1.49	4.70 ± 1.55	3.83 ± .90
Identified	5.62 ± 1.06	4.90 ± 1.23	5.50 ± 1.02	5.39 ± 1.16	4.03 ± 1.08
Introjected	5.37 ± 1.03	5.10 ± 1.20	5.23 ± .96	5.06 ± 1.25	4.75 ± 1.40
External	2.68 ± 1.69	2.78 ± 1.84	2.61 ± 1.70	2.65 ± 1.64	3.67 ± 2.13
Amotivation	2.59 ± 1.79	2.75 ± 1.87	2.38 ± 1.62	2.39 ± 1.69	3.67 ± 2.24
Study 2 – Student-Athletes
Depression
	Minimal	Mild	Moderate	Moderate-Severe	Severe
Demandingness	16.22 ± 3.61	16.60 ± 3.48	17.42 ± 3.32	17.58 ± 3.64	17.84 ± 3.29
Awfulizing	18.04 ± 3.61	18.26 ± 3.66	19.09 ± 3.23	19.77 ± 3.07	19.56 ± 3.64
Frustration Intolerance	15.80 ± 3.57	15.84 ± 3.60	16.90 ± 3.50	16.98 ± 3.36	17.19 ± 4.18
Depreciation	11.43 ± 4.00	12.17 ± 4.30	13.55 ± 4.62	14.23 ± 4.47	15.75 ± 5.01
Intrinsic	16.28 ± 3.82	16.41 ± 3.66	17.09 ± 4.51	17.21 ± 4.54	16.78 ± 6.60
Integrated	14.64 ± 4.35	14.23 ± 5.00	15.37 ± 4.98	16.52 ± 5.27	15.96 ± 6.76
Identified	14.99 ± 4.22	15.05 ± 4.25	15.36 ± 4.33	15.37 ± 4.22	15.22 ± 5.53
Introjected	11.69 ± 3.82	11.76 ± 3.81	12.86 ± 4.53	14.10 ± 4.58	14.11 ± 4.74
External	8.38 ± 4.45	7.89 ± 4.26	7.84 ± 3.89	8.74 ± 4.56	9.15 ± 4.44
Amotivation	8.46 ± 5.45	8.12 ± 4.99	7.52 ± 4.39	8.31 ± 4.81	8.05 ± 3.04
Anxiety
	Minimal	Mild	Moderate	Severe
Demandingness	16.19 ± 3.62	16.91 ± 3.52	17.26 ± 3.25	18.13 ± 3.45
Awfulizing	18.07 ± 3.65	18.52 ± 3.45	18.87 ± 3.31	20.13 ± 3.14
Frustration Intolerance	15.59 ± 3.61	16.17 ± 3.37	16.76 ± 3.63	17.86 ± 3.66
Depreciation	11.54 ± 4.24	12.49 ± 4.25	13.73 ± 4.38	15.25 ± 4.43
Intrinsic	16.32 ± 3.78	16.53 ± 3.89	17.11 ± 4.61	16.77 ± 5.08
Integrated	14.06 ± 4.80	15.17 ± 4.73	16.10 ± 4.99	15.63 ± 5.20
Identified	14.85 ± 4.26	15.34 ± 4.10	15.25 ± 4.30	15.36 ± 4.84
Introjected	11.40 ± 3.83	12.57 ± 4.15	13.48 ± 4.19	13.20 ± 4.50
External	8.09 ± 4.45	8.36 ± 4.17	7.85 ± 3.80	9.09 ± 4.77
Amotivation	8.25 ± 5.35	8.26 ± 4.90	7.51 ± 4.01	8.76 ± 4.89

Table 2. Descriptive statistics and inter-correlations

				Exercise
	Mean ± SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. Demandingness	14.28 ± 3.15	-
2. Awfulizing	13.80 ± 3.34	.71**	-
3. Frustration Intolerance	15.36 ± 3.57	.62**	.61**	-
4. Depreciation	9.44 ± 4.15	.31**	.44**	.26**	-
5. Intrinsic	5.32 ± 1.21	−.10*	−.08	−.16**	.01	-
6. Integrated	4.86 ± 1.45	−.10*	−.10**	−.17**	−.04	.56**	-
7. Identified	5.54 ± 1.12	−.17**	−.16**	−.26**	−.03	.51**	.61**	-
8. Introjected	5.23 ± 1.14	−.08	−.06	−.10**	.02	.14**	.34**	.41**	-
9. External	2.37 ± 1.51	.08	.07	.09*	.08*	−.22**	−.03	−.08*	.36**	-
10. Amotivation	2.22 ± 1.42	.07	.07	.08	.06	−.34**	−.28**	−.21**	.21**	.71**	-
11. Depression	7.09 ± 3.23	.18**	.20**	.17**	.25**	−.16**	−.16**	−.13**	.19**	.24**	.33**	-
12. Anxiety	6.90 ± 3.32	.17**	.18**	.16**	.22**	−.12**	−.16**	−.10**	.13**	.24**	.31**	.79**	-
13. Stress	7.72 ± 3.14	.18**	.18**	.16**	.22**	−.15**	−.15**	−.10**	.22**	.24**	.28**	.79**	.75**	-
			Student-athlete
	Mean ± SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. Demandingness	16.77 ± 3.54	-
2. Awfulizing	16.20 ± 3.61	.73**	-
3. Frustration Intolerance	18.56 ± 3.53	.53**	.56**	-
4. Depreciation	12.56 ± 4.45	.45**	.53**	.34**	-
5. Intrinsic	16.59 ± 4.14	.06	.03	.16**	−.07	-
6. Integrated	14.92 ± 4.92	.17**	.15**	.29**	.06	.53**	-
7. Identified	15.12 ± 4.30	.12**	.10**	.23**	−.01	.67**	.54**	-
8. Introjected	12.31 ± 4.17	.21**	.16**	.19**	.19**	.31**	.44**	.36**	-
9. External	8.19 ± 4.30	.23**	.20**	.15**	.17**	.08*	.24**	.20**	.29**	-
10. Amotivation	8.14 ± 4.96	.16**	.13**	.11**	.10**	−.02	.13**	.13**	.08*	.73**	-
11. Depression	7.82 ± 5.81	.15**	.15**	.16**	.27**	08*	.12**	.03	.21**	.03	−.03	-
12. Anxiety	6.51 ± 5.28	.18**	.20**	.18**	.27**	.06	.15**	.05	.22**	.05	.00	.65**	-
13. Physical Health	9.30 ± 3.15	.17**	.16**	.06	.23**	−.10*	−.05	−.06	.11**	.11**	.05	.40**	.46**	-

Note: p ≤ .05*, p ≤ .01**

Figure 1. Estimates of the variables for the two latent profile analysis (LPA) classes in exercise participants and student-athletes, measuring irrational beliefs, and motivation regulation.

DEM = Demandingness; AWF = Awfulizing; FI = Frustration intolerance; DEP = Depreciation

Class 1: High irrational beliefs, low self-determination.

Class 2 Low irrational beliefs, high self-determination.

Figure 2. Latent profiles as predictors of health symptoms in exercise participants as measured using the DASS-21. Latent profiles as predictors of mental and physical health in student-athletes.

Class 1: High irrational beliefs, low self-determination

Class 2 Low irrational beliefs, high self-determination