Acute effects of prior conditioning activity on change of direction performance. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart illustrating the study selection process.

Table 1. Methodological quality of the included studies using the PEDro rating scale.

Study	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	Score*	Study quality
Al Kitani et al. (2021)*	NA	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	4	Fair
Beato et al. (2021)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Beato et al. (2019)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Chua et al. (2021)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Cochrane (2013)*	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Coutinho et al. (2022)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Dann et al. (2023)*	NA	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	Fair
Dello Iacono et al. (2016)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Escobar Hincapié et al. (2021)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Ishak et al. (2022	NA	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	Fair
Kalinowski et al. (2022)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Maloney et al. (2014)*	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Marshall et al. (2019)	NA	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	Fair
Mh et al. (2021)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Moreno-Pérez et al. (2021)*	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Munshi et al. (2022)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Okuno et al. (2013)*	NA	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	Fair
Orjalo et al. (2020)*	NA	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	Fair
Orjalo et al. (2020)*	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Ouergui et al. (2022)*	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Peng et al. (2021)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Pojskić et al. (2015)*	NA	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	Fair
Rumeau et al. (2023)*	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Sener et al. (2021)*	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Sole et al. (2013)*	NA	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	4	Fair
Thapa et al. (2020)*	NA	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	7	Good
Toprak et al. (2022)	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Turki et al. (2020)*	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Wu et al. (2021)	NA	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	Fair
Yang et al. (2017)	NA	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good
Yeung et al. (2021)*	NA	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	4	Fair
Zagatto et al. (2022)*	NA	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	Fair
Zagatto et al. (2022)*	NA	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	Fair
Zois et al. (2011)*	NA	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	6	Good

A detailed explanation for each PEDro scale item can be accessed at https://www.pedro.org.au/english/downloads/pedro-scale.

NA – not assessed; Note: Studies with * symbol were included for meta-analysis.

From a possible maximal score of 10.

Table 2. Participant’s characteristics of the included studies.

Study	Sample Size	Sex	Age, Height, Body Weight	Sport	Training/Playing Experience
Al Kitani et al. (2021)*	12	NR	15.6 ± 0.7 years; 1.78 ± 0.08 m; 66.9 ± 11.5 kg	Elite Handball players	3.9 ± 0.97 years training experience
Beato et al. (2021)	12	Male	21 ± 3 years; 1.82 ± 0.07 m; 81 ± 13 kg	Soccer, American football, and weightlifting	-
Beato et al. (2019)	31	Male	21 ± 4 years; 1.82 ± 0.04 m; 77.0 ± 5.2 kg	Amateur soccer players	-
Chua et al. (2021)	14 (11 Male; 3 Female)	Male and Female	19 ± 2.6 years, 1.77 ± 0.07 m, 69 ± 6.8 kg	Badminton players	At least 2 years training experience
Cochrane (2013)*	8	Female	20.0 ± 1.2 years; 1.77 ± 0.07 m; 72 ± 1.6 kg	Premier club netball players	≥3 years sports training
Coutinho et al. (2022)	16	Male	16.2 ± 0.6 years; 1.73 ± 0.08 m; 65.3 ± 6.6 kg	Portuguese Club youth soccer players	8.3 ± 2.8 years
Dann et al. (2023)*	14	Female	20 ± 1 years; 1.66 ± 0.06 m; 62.9 ± 67.6 kg	Team sports players	At least 1 year plyometric training experience
Dello Iacono et al. (2016)	18	Male	19.6 ± 0.5 years; 1.82 ± 0.06 m; 83.8 ± 8.4 kg	Elite handball players	6 years of high-level practice and 4 years of specific jumping and sprinting training experience
Escobar Hincapié et al. (2021)	17 (12 Male; 5 Female)	Male and Female	25 ± 1.6 years; 171 ± 7.5 cm; 70 ± 9.8 kg	Healthy individuals with strength training experience	7.6 ± 2.3 years training experience
Ishak et al. (2022)	17	Male	23.6 ± 2.3 years; 1.79 ± 0.06 m; 72.5 ± 10.7 kg	University handball players	At least 1 year resistance training experience
Kalinowski et al. (2022)	13	Female	25 ± 4 years; 1.78 ± 0.04 m; 70.9 ± 8.4 kg	Semi-professional volleyball players	Volleyball training experience: 12 ± 5 years; resistance training experience: 4 ± 2 years
Maloney et al. (2014)*	8	NR	24.0 ± 2.4 years; 1.82 ± 5.6 m; 70.9 ± 10.0 kg	Professional British badminton athletes	At least 2 years training experience
Marshall et al. (2019)	16	NR	16 ± 0.41 years; 1.83 ± 0.07 m; 88.7 ± 12.1 kg	Elite academy rugby players	At least 2 years training experience
Mh et al. (2021)	20	Male	21.3 ± 1.5 years; 1.69 ± 0.06 m; 63.3 ± 9.5 kg	University football players	1–5 years playing experience
Moreno-Pérez et al.(2021)*	26	Male	19.22 ± 4.20 years; 1.77 ± 0.07 m; 67.37 ± 8.19 kg	Elite tennis players	10.37 ± 3.28 years tennis experienc
Munshi et al. (2022)	24	Male	20.8 ± 2.02 years; 1.79 ± 0.7 m; 71.2 ± 7.6 kg	University basketball players	>2 years playing experience
Okuno et al. (2013)*	12	Male	18.7 ± 1.7 years; 1.85 ± 0.07 m; 85.9 ± 9.6 kg	Elite handball players	3 years strength training experience
Orjalo et al. (2020)*	40 (20 Male; 20 Female)	Male and Female	23.28 ± 2.82 years; 1.70 ± 0.09 m; 73 ± 12.95 kg	Recreationally trained individuals	At least 1 year resistance training and 2 years field or court sport experience
Orjalo et al. (2020)*	40 (20 Male; 20 Female)	Male and Female	23.72 ± 2.45 years; 1.70 ± 0.10 m; 73.33 ± 12.46 kg	Recreationally trained individuals	At least 1 year resistance training and at least 2 years field or court sport experience
Ouergui et al. (2022)*	27 (14 Male; 13 Female)	Male and Female	16 ± 1 years; 1.69 ± 0.09 m; 60.1 ± 10.7 kg	Taekwondo athletes	7 ± 1 years taekwondo experience:
Peng et al. (2021)	15	Male	21.0 ± 1.0 years; 1.73 ± 0.04 m; 67.4 ± 6.6 kg	Collegiate physical education students	-
Pojskić et al. (2015)*	21	Male	20.14 ± 1.65 years; 1.79 ± 0.08 m; 74.4 ± 13.0 kg	College soccer players	-
Rumeau et al. (2023)*	11	Female	17.3 ± 1.1 years; 1.63 ± 0.06 m; 56.6 ± 7.2 kg	French U20 national ice hockey team	-
Sener et al. (2021)*	10	Male	19.90 ± 1.29 years; 1.75 0.02 m; 68.62 ± 7.52 kg	National-level field hockey	2 years training experience
Sole et al. (2013)*	10 (5Male, 5 Female)	Male and Female	Male: 20.6 ± 1.9 years; 1.93 ± 0.09 m; 79.36 ± 11.74 kg Female: 21.2 ± 2.7 years; 1.77 ± 0.08 m; 65.8 ± 10.18 kg	National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes (tennis or basketball)	At least 1 year resistance training experience
Thapa et al. (2020)*	12	Male	21 ± 1.2 years; 1.70 ± 0.08 m; 66.8 ± 7 kg	University basketball players	-
Toprak et al. (2022)	14	Male	15.2 ± 0.69 years; 1.66 ± 0.08 m; 52.07 ± 6.70 kg	Adolescent soccer players	Training experience: 5.07 ± 0.61 years
Turki et al. (2020)*	19	Male	18 ± 0.88 years; 1.75 ± 0.07 m; 69.85 ± 7.68 kg	Soccer players	2 years resistance training, 5 years football
Wu et al. (2021)	20	Male	-	University Volleyball players	5 years volleyball
Yang et al. (2017)	14	Male	18–23 years; 1.75 ± 0.06 m; 84.2 ± 11.2 kg;	Rugby players	-
Yeung et al. (2021)*	21 (18 Male; 3 Female)	Male and Female	29.5 ± 8.4 years; 1.75 ± 0.12 m; 74.0 ± 13.7 kg	Amateur badminton players	8.4 ± 4.2 years playing history
Zagatto et al. (2022)*	10	Male	17.5 ± 1.2 years; 1.91 ± 0.07 m; 87.2 ± 15.4 kg;	Young basketball players	5.2 ± 1.5 years competitive experience
Zagatto et al. (2022)*	12	Male	24.8 ± 6.9 years; 2.0 ± 0.1 m; 97.0 ± 9.2 kg	First division basketball players	-
Zois et al. (2011)*	10	Male	23.3 ± 2.5 years, 1.78 ± 0.04 m, 69.1 ± 4.1 kg	Amateur soccer players	-

NR: not reported; m: metre; kg: kilogram; Note: Studies with * symbol were included for meta-analysis.

Table 3. Characteristics of the included studies.

Study	Conditioning Activity	Outcomes	Rest interval	Time period post	COD/Agility
Al Kitani et al. (2021)*	Condition 1: Warmup along with 5 repetitions of vertical drop jump from a 30 cm height; Condition 2: Warm-up along with 5 repetitions horizontal drop jump from a 30 cm height; Condition 3: Warm-up only	Change in R-COD time for Condition 2 > Conditions 1 and 3 (p < 0.01)	10 sec	~4 min approx.	R-COD
Beato et al. (2021)	Condition 1: High medium eccentric overload was performed by a half squat exercise using a flywheel ergometer (3 sets of 6 repetitions each at maximal velocity); Condition 2: Medium eccentric overload was performed by a half squat exercise using a flywheel ergometer (3 sets of 6 repetitions each at maximal velocity)	COD time was quicker following Conditions 1 and 2 (p < 0.05)-	2 min	30 sec, 3, and 6 min	COD-5 m
Beato et al. (2019)	Condition 1: Cross-cutting step using an inertial resistance (4 sets of 6 repetitions with each leg); Condition 2: flywheel leg-extension (4 sets for each limb; first 2 submaximal repetition and 6 following repetitions were maximal); Condition 3: unilateral squat exercise (4 sets with each Leg; first 2 submaximal repetition and 6 following repetitions were maximal)	A significant positive improvement in COD-5 m dominant leg and COD-5 m non-dominant leg after 4 minutes of recovery after all exercises.	Condition 1: 1 min between sets and 2 min between legs; Condition 2: Time between each unilateral set was 1 min with 2 min between exercise; Condition 3: 1 min between each set	4 min	Dominant-leg COD-5 m; Non-Dominant COD-5 m
Chua et al. (2021)	Condition 1: Warm-up exercises with weighted wearable resistance. Condition 2: Warm-up exercises with resistance band variable resistance; Condition 3: Warm-up exercises without resistance	COD was faster (p < 0.05) for condition 1 & 2 compared to the condition without resistance at baseline.	General mobility, dynamic stretching and activation: ≤15 s of passive recovery between exercises; Sports specific plyometric exercises with 1 min of passive recovery between each set of exercise	10 min	Badminton COD test
Cochrane (2013)*	Condition 1: Side-alternating vibration exercise (VbX) in static squat position (5 X 1 min exposures); Condition 2: Control (No vibration exercise)	VbX did not improve unplanned COD	1 min rest	Immediately	Unplanned COD
Coutinho et al. (2022)	Condition 1: Repetitive approach, 3 sets of 6 repetitions under regular half-squat movements at max concentric velocity; Condition 2: 3 sets of 6 repetitions of differential learning movements during the Half-Squat.	No potentiation effect was observed overall with any of the interventions	120 sec	Condition 1: 30 sec; Condition 2: 30 sec; Condition 1: 10 min; Condition A 2: 10 min	R-COD
Dann et al. (2023)*	Condition 1: 3 sets of 10 repetitions of alternate leg bounding on hard surface; Condition 2: 3 sets of 10 repetitions of alternate leg bounding on natural surface; Condition 3: Walking	Performance was similar between condition 1 and condition 2 at 4 min postintervention. Performance was quicker in both condition 1 & 2 at 8 min (p < 0.05) compared to control. No differences existed between condition 1 & 2 at any time points.	15 second active recovery between set	4 min, 8 min, 12 min	Pro-agility test
Dello Iacono et al. (2016)	Condition 1: 3 sets of 5 plyometric vertical-alternate single-leg drop jumps; Condition 2: 3 sets of 5 plyometric horizontal-alternate single-leg drop jumps	The HDJ led to greater improvement of the COD performance in comparison with the VDJ	The rest period between repetitions and sets was 10 and 120 sec, respectively	8 min	180°COD
Escobar Hincapié et al. (2021)	Condition 1: Unilateral squat (3 sets of 3 rep); Condition 2: Bilateral squat (3 sets of 3 rep)	Both conditions generated significant improvements in COD performance.	3 min	5 min	T-agility test (COD)
Ishak et al. (2022)	Condition 1: 1 set of 5 repetitions of back-squat at 85% 1-RM, COD test after 4 min of rest post CA; Condition 2: 1 set of 5 repetitions of back-squat at 85% 1-RM, COD test after 8 min of rest post CA; Condition 3: 1 set of 5 repetitions of back-squat at 85% 1-RM, COD test after 12 min of rest post CA;	The COD time was quicker (p < 0.05) in condition 3 compared to condition 1 & 2	none	Condition 1: 4 min; Condition 2: 8 min; Condition 3: 12 min	Modified T-agility test (COD)
Kalinowski et al. (2022)	Condition 1: Bilateral isometric half back squats followed by bilateral drop jumps; Condition 2: Unilateral isometric half back squats followed by unilateral drop jumps	None of the condition influenced modified t-agility test time (p > 0.05)	3 min between sets	~6 min	Modified T-agility test (COD
Maloney et al., 2014*	Condition 1: Weighted vest equivalent to 5% body mass; Condition 2: Weighted vest equivalent to 10% body mass; Condition 3: No weighted vest (Control condition)	COD time was quicker (p < 0.05) for both condition 1 and condition 2 compared with the control condition. COD time was not significantly different between the 5% and 10% loaded conditions	60 sec (speed and power drill exercise)	15 sec 2 min, 4 min, 6 min	Badminton COD test
Marshall et al. (2019)	3 X 3 sec maximal isometric squats	Pro-agility times were slower (p < 0.05) at 1 minute post-CA compared with the baseline (3.3%), with no significant differences occurring at 3-, 5-, or 7-minutes post-CA.	2 min	1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 7 min	Pro-agility test (COD)
Mh et al. (2021)	Plyometric exercise (2 sets of 10 ankle hops, 3 sets of 5 hurdle hops, and 5 drop jumps)	Significant improvement in COD performance compared to the baseline.	30 sec between ankle hops and hurdle hops, and 15 sec between the repetitions of the drop jump and lower limb bounding	1 min, 5 min	T-agility test (COD)
Moreno-Pérez et al. (2021)*	Condition 1: 1 set of 3 repetitions heavy load leg press at 85% 1RM; Condition 2: Dynamic stretching (Control condition)	Both conditions led improvement in COD. Nevertheless, trivial differences in performance improvements in COD was found when comparing condition 1 and condition 2	Condition 2: 15 sec	~4 min approx.	Modified 5-0-5 agility test (COD)
Munshi et al. (2022)	Condition 1: Plyometric training protocol-double-legged vertical (5 sets of 10 repetitions each), broad jumps (2 repetitions of 15 m distance), single and double legged bounding (single repetition of 30 m distance) and depth jumps (single set of 5 repetitions), all were completed from a height of 40 cm for a duration of 30 s each; Condition 2: Single bout of WBV training during two 30-s squatting exercise sets and two 30-s single-leg squatting exercise	Both the conditions improved COD time, with COD time better in the plyometric group.	Condition 1: 15–30 sec; Condition 2: 30 sec	4 min, 12 min	T-agility test (COD)
Okuno et al. (2013)*	Condition 1: 1 set of 5 X 50% 1RM, 1 set of 3 X 70% 1RM, and 5 sets of 1 X 90% 1RM of half squat exercise; Condition 2: No conditioning activity (Control condition)	Repeated and mean COD time improved (p < 0.05) post the CA compared to the control condition.	2 min	5 min	RCOD
Orjalo et al. (2020)*	Condition 1: 3 sets X 5 repetitions of the barbell hip thrust (BHT) at 85% 1RM; Condition 2: 6 min rest (control condition)	The 85% 1RM BHT did improved the 505 COD 4–16 min post-CA but no more than the control condition.	2 min	4 min, 8 min, 12 min, and 16 min	5-0-5 COD
Orjalo et al. (2020)*	Condition 1: 3 × 5LB (Lateral Bound); Condition 2: 3 × 5weighted LB (10% body mass provided by a weighted vest); Condition 3: 4 min rest (control condition)	The best potentiated 505 time was faster (p < 0.001) than baseline for condition 1 & 2, with no differences between condition 1 & 2.	Condition 1: Work rest ratio = 1:1; Condition 2: Work rest ratio = 1:1	15 sec, 4 min, 8 min, 12 min and 16 min	5-0-5 COD
Ouergui et al. (2022)*	Condition 1: Repeated high intensity techniques (3 sets of alternate kicks); Condition 2: Plyometric exercise (3 sets of consecutive vertical jumps) Condition 3: Control	COD time improved for both condition 1 and condition 2 compared to the control condition.		~10 min approx.	Taekwondo specific agility (COD)
Peng et al. (2021)	Condition 1: 3 RM squats with elastic bands; Condition 2: 5 RM squats with elastic bands	COD test times at the 4-minute recovery time point both conditions we shorter than the pre-test values (p < 0.05) with no significant differences between both the conditions.	-	15 sec, 4 min, and 8 min	T-agility (COD)
Pojskić et al. (2015)*	Condition 1: Static squats (5 times per min) at 100°; Condition 2: Static squats (5 times per min) at 100° with additional load of 30% body weight; Condition 3: Dynamic stretching; Condition 4: 7 min rest (control condition)	No significant difference in COD time was observed in all three conditions.	Condition 1: 30 sec; Condition 2: 30 sec	5 min	Modified T-Agility (COD)
Rumeau et al. (2023)*	Condition 1: 5 reps on leg press at 90% 1RM; Condition 2: Motor imaginary task; Condition 3: Rest	Both condition 1 & 2 enhanced COD performance (p < 0.05) compared to condition 3, with no difference between condition 1 & 2.	-	~7 min approx	Arrowhead agility test (COD)
Sener et al. (2021)*	Condition 1: High intensity plyometric warm up (HIPW) (5 depth jumps from a height of the lateral femoral condyle); Condition 2: Low intensity plyometric warm up (LIPW) (5 depth jumps from half of a height of the lateral femoral condyle); Condition 3: Rest (control condition)	COD times was quicker relative to baseline immediately and 5 min time-points post both condition 1 & 2 (p < 0.05). Condition 1 & 2 resulted better COD times compared to condition 3, at all time-points (p < 0.05). COD times were similar between condition 1& 2 at all other time-points (p > 0.05).	10–15 sec	15 sec, 5 min and 10 min	Illinois Agility Test (COD)
Sole et al. (2013)*	Condition 1: Heavy resistance warm-up (3 sets of squats at 50, 60, and 90% of 1RM) Condition 2: Dynamic warm-up (Control condition)	Heavy resistance warm-up protocol produced faster COD times compared to the control protocol (p = 0.074).	2 min	4 min/8 min/12 min (Reported best times)	Agility shuttle test (COD)
Thapa et al. (2020)*	Condition 1: 3 × 5 repetitions of a combination of box jump and immediate drop jump (BDJ) Condition 2: 3 min walk (Control condition)	Significant large improvement in COD performance was observed after BDJ compared to baseline (p < 0.001, d = 0.982) and control condition.	10 sec between repetitions and 60 sec between sets.	3 min	Modified T-Agility (COD)
Toprak et al. (2022)	Condition 1: 3 repetitions of squats at 85% of 1RM; Condition 2: 3 maximal isometric (knee angle 120°-130°) efforts for 3 seconds; Condition 3: Rest	At 15 sec and 2 min COD performance was quicker (p < 0.05) in condition 3 compared to condition 1 & 2. However, condition 1 & 2 resulted faster COD performance at 4 & 6 min compared to condition 3 (p < .001). At 8 min, condition 1 & 2 resulted peak performance (p < 0.05). Performance reduced in condition 1 & 2 at 10, 12 & 14 min, but quicker compared to the condition 3 (p < 0.05).	Condition 2: 1 min between reps	15 sec, 2 min, 4 min, 6 min, 8 min, 10 min, 12 min, 14 min	Illinois Agility Test
Turki et al. (2020)*	Condition 1: Warm-up with weighted-vest (WUV) with a loading of 5% of body mass; Condition 2: Warm-up with weighted-vest with a loading of 10% body mass; Condition 3: Warm-up with weighted-vest with a loading of 15% body-mass; Condition 4: Unloaded Warm-up (Control condition)	For each post-warm-up tested, recovery-times (i.e., 15-s, 4-min, and 8-min), both total, and peak times were faster following condition 1, 2 and 3 compared to the condition 4. There were no significant differences in-between recovery times in both total and peak times following condition 1, 2 and 3.	-	15 sec, 4 min and 8 min	R-COD
Wu et al. (2021)	WBV 1-min warm-up exercise on a vibration platform at a frequency of 30 Hz and peak-to-peak displacement of 2 mm (120° knee angle)	The participants’ BAT performance improved significantly 1 min after the vibration stimulation (p < 0.01).	-	Immediately, 1 min, and 2 min	Block agility test, T-agility (COD)
Yang et al. (2017)	Condition 1: 4 min partial squat (60° knee angle) dual-frequency WBV protocol (DFW); Condition 2: 4 min partial squat (60° knee angle) single-frequency (35 Hz) WBV; Condition 3: 4 min partial squat (60° knee angle) single-frequency (45 Hz) WBV	Only the DFW significantly improved COD ability (p = 0.001 for the pre – post comparison	-	~3 min approx.	5-0-5 COD
Yeung et al., 2021*	Condition 1: Loaded warm-up (LWU) with 10% body mass; Condition 2: Normal dynamic warm-up (Control condition)	No significant differences between condition 1 and 2 were observed for COD. However, small effect sizes suggested faster CODS following loaded warm-up.	-	~20 min approx.	Badminton specific COD
Zagatto et al. (2022)*	Condition 1: 1 set with 3 drop jumps from four different heights (40, 60, 80, and 100 cm); Condition 2: Heavy sled towing protocol-1 sprint of 15 m with a load 75% of the body mass; Condition 3: 5 min rest (control condition)	The drop jumps improved the RCOD mean time (P = 0.033), total time (P = 0.031), and slowest time (P = 0.029) compared to control condition. Heavy sled towing did not change RCOD outcomes (P > 0.05).	15 sec	CA 1: 5 min; CA 2: 8 min	RCOD
Zagatto et al. (2022)*	Condition 1: First DJ (drop jump) protocol: 5 reps; Second DJ protocol: 3 reps; Condition 2: Control condition	Faster RCOD mean time was observed post DJ compared to control, however, non-significant (p = 0.215).	15 sec	1^st RCOD was performed post 4 min of first DJ protocol, 2^nd RCOD was performed post 30 sec of second DJ	RCOD
Zois et al. (2011)*	Condition 1: 5 RM leg press; Condition 2: Small sided games (SSG); Condition 3: Team sport warm-up	Unplanned COD improved after the SSG and leg-press warm-ups, when compared to baseline	CA 2: 2 min; CA 3: 30–60 sec	~4 min approx.	Unplanned COD

Time period post: time period between the conditioning activity and performance assessment; CA: conditioning activity; RM: repetition maximum; rep: repetition; min: minute; COD: change of direction; RCOD: repeated sprint with change of direction; WBV: whole body vibration; Note: Studies with * symbol were included for meta-analysis.

Figure 2. Forest plot for COD performance.

Figure 3. Funnel plot of standard mean difference (SMD) vs. standard error (SE) denoting outliers for the COD outcome.

Figure 4. Forest plot on COD performance based on loading.

Figure 5. Forest plot on COD performance based on pre-planned and unplanned COD.

Figure 6. Forest plot on COD performance based on gender.

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