Inter- and intra-athlete technique variability of conventional new ball swing bowling in elite and pre-elite Australian male fast bowlers

Figures & data

Table 1. Group means, standard deviations and ranges for ball grip angle, body kinematics at ball release and delivery swing angles.

Variable	Outswing		Inswing
	Mean (SD)	Range	Mean (SD)	Range
Ball grip angle (°)	−11.8 (12.0)	−36.0–0.0	11.1 (6.9)	0.0–21.3
Hand global y orientation (°)	1.8 (11.9)	−21.9–20.9	−7.8 (8.5)	−23.7–3.2
Hand global z orientation (°)	12.6 (15.4)	−7.0–37.7	19.6 (11.7)	5.4–36.4
Wrist flex/ext angle (°)	−19.5 (6.0)	−31.0 – −11.2	−21.1 (6.1)	−35.2 – −15.9
Wrist flex/ext angular velocity (°/s)	531.1 (188.1)	258.0–802.4	545.4 (207.0)	315.5–875.0
Wrist radial/ulnar deviation angle (°)	21.0 (5.5)	12.5–29.4	18.2 (4.4)	11.1–23.3
Wrist radial/ulnar deviation angular velocity (°/s)	−202.6 (196.3)	−565.0–121.3	−207.8 (174.1)	−561.2–41.4
Forearm global y orientation (°)	−4.9 (7.9)	−14.4–5.8	−7.4 (8.6)	−17.4–2.9
Forearm global z orientation (°)	37.4 (18.8)	10.1–63.2	46.4 (14.8)	19.8–59.5
Elbow sup/pro angle (°)	−20.5 (16.0)	−44.6–4.1	−10.0 (13.4)	−36.2–7.6
Elbow sup/pro angular velocity (°/s)	882.7 (671.1)	−171.2–1799.6	1073.5 (577.3)	29.4–1903.8
Elbow flex/ext angle (°)	11.5 (8.1)	−3.1–22.4	14.2 (9.9)	−6.2–23.3
Elbow flex/ext angular velocity (°/s)	369.0 (223.7)	−0.3–722.1	377.0 (155.9)	95.3–592.6
Upper arm global y orientation (°)	14.6 (7.2)	4.6–22.9	13.7 (7.3)	3.7–21.7
Upper arm global z orientation (°)	−29.9 (20.3)	−60.8 – −1.0	−30.6 (21.4)	−63.3 – −4.3
Shoulder abduction angle (°)	−58.8 (11.2)	−77.3 – −44.4	−58.4 (10.2)	−74.1 – −47.3
Thorax flex/ext angle (°)	59.7 (9.2)	37.9–69.1	58.5 (10.4)	39.0–70.9
Thorax lateral flex/ext angle (°)	−44.5 (8.6)	−59.3 – −29.1	−43.1 (8.8)	−54.9 – −29.6
Trunk global z orientation (°)	−13.3 (11.0)	−27.5–5.0	−13.3 (12.3)	−30.2–5.2
Pelvis global z orientation (°)	−16.9 (11.2)	−32.4–2.4	−16.7 (12.3)	−32.3–3.2
Total swing (°)	0.8 (0.3)	0.4–1.3	0.5 (0.2)	0.4–0.8

Table 2. Matrix demonstrating the number of trials for each participant included in each cluster for outswing deliveries.

Cluster		Participant										Total
	1	2	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1	1					1	1			1	2	6
2		3						4				7
3		2	2									4
4										1	1	2
5						3					1	4
6									3			3
7			1		3					2		6
8				5								5
9	4		2		2		1					9
10									4			4

Table 3. Matrix demonstrating the number of trials for each participant included in each cluster for inswing deliveries.

Cluster	Participant								Total
	1	3	4	7	8	10	11	12
1	4								4
2	2	2			1			1	6
3				5					5
4		3		1	4			1	9
5							3		3
6						3			3
7							2		2
8						1	1		2
9		1	5						6

Figure 1. Outswing scatterplots of kinematic variables and clusters. In the labelling on the scatterplots, “P” pertains to “participant” and the subsequent number is the ID of each participant.

Figure 2. Inswing scatterplots of kinematic variables and clusters. In the labelling on the scatterplots, “P” pertains to “participant” and the subsequent number is the ID of each participant.

Table A1. Individual participant ranges for ball grip angle, body kinematics and delivery swing angles for outswing trials.

Participant	Ball grip angle (°)	Hand global y orientation (°)	Hand global z orientation (°)	Wrist flex/ext angle (°)	Wrist flex/ext angular velocity (°/s)	Wrist radial/ulnar deviation angle (°)	Wrist radial/ulnar deviation angular velocity (°/s)	Forearm global y orientation (°)	Forearm global z orientation (°)	Elbow sup/pro angle (°)	Elbow sup/pro angular velocity (°/s)
1	0.0–0.0	−13.8 – −7.8	24.4–30.7	−24.8 – −19.2	450.3–543.4	11.9–13.1	−309.5 – −248.5	−5.8 – −2.7	46.6–54.6	−20.9 – −14.4	1218.3–1611.6
2	−21.0 – −12.0	10.7–17.0	−4.9–0.3	−21.1 – −14.2	493.3–624.8	27.9–30.6	−331.0 – −144.3	−11.1 – −8.3	14.8–21.2	−30.2 – −25.8	46.2–666.4
4	−14.0 – −10.0	2.5–6.9	18.2–23.6	−27.4 – −16.4	613.2–1057.3	23.4–26.8	−651.8 – −324.6	3.4–5.9	47.3–54.9	−17.7 – −12.3	730.8–1868.0
5	−13.0–0.0	7.6–12.1	−9.5 – −3.6	−25.9 – −21.8	241.9–360.8	29.0–29.9	−114.5 – −47.1	−15.2 – −13.8	12.2–19.0	−12.1 – −9.7	−384.1– −44.8
6	−10.0–0.0	6.0–14.2	−7.0–9.3	−15.0 – −10.7	459.8–850.0	16.3–19.2	−620.6 – −509.2	0.3–2.4	28.0–40.9	−49.4 – −37.5	1120.1–2261.6
7	−18.0 – −11.0	−4.4 – −3.0	28.8–32.5	−12.7 – −8.8	135.2–313.1	12.7–18.0	−233.8 – −67.1	−3.9–0.5	51.7–68.9	−5.7–8.3	680.7–1012.3
8	−7.0 – −7.0	−2.8–0.9	33.7–38.7	−18.6 – −17.7	374.5–489.5	16.3–17.7	−286.6 – −157.4	5.7–6.0	55.0–65.0	−19.0 – −13.8	1137.5–1334.8
9	−33.0 – −31.0	18.5–22.4	−10.4 – −5.4	−23.6 – −20.9	438.8–522.8	21.9–23.3	−135.0 – −47.9	0.9–5.3	5.8–13.5	−47.2 – −40.4	154.7–545.7
10	−5.0–0.0	1.6–8.9	−1.3–13.6	−26.1 – −16.9	711.1–835.5	24.3–25.7	24.9–224.4	−14.4 – −10.8	10.4–28.4	−16.7 – −5.9	−568.4–234.4
11	0.0–0.0	−25.0 – −18.7	3.5–23.5	−36.0 – −28.0	357.9–1090.5	16.7–18.6	−228.4 – −10.3	−14.6 – −13.1	43.1–56.7	−43.4 – −34.0	947.0–1971.6
12	−36.0 – −31.0	−5.3 – −0.3	13.5–21.5	−14.8 – −10.0	227.9–664.6	18.3–20.8	−185.6–162.8	−13.6 – −11.7	30.8–40.9	−11.9 – −1.3	1337.9–738.7
Participant	Elbow flex/ext angle (°)	Elbow flex/ext angular velocity (°/s)	Upper arm global y orientation (°)	Upper arm global z orientation (°)		Shoulder abduction angle (°)	Thorax flex/ext angle (°)	Thorax lateral flex/ext angle (°)	Trunk global z orientation (°)	Pelvis global z orientation (°)	Total swing (°)
1	9.6–12.4	548.1–694.9	21.5–24.5	−21.5 – −16.8		−72.6 – −70.1	59.9–65.1	−47.4 – −44.8	−3.1–1.7	−10.0 – −6.1	0.3–1.9
2	3.8–6.2	307.2–426.8	5.8–8.5	−44.6 – −39.6		−49.1 – −46.3	53.2–60.0	−45.3 – −41.6	−22.8 – −16.1	−25.3 – −18.3	0.2–1.0
4	21.6–22.9	298.2–344.7	20.5–23.1	−19.2 – −14.1		−63.0 – −57.5	55.8–60.1	−33.3 – −28.6	−8.5 – −4.0	−9.6 – −5.6	0.3–0.9
5	12.8–13.8	−51.0–43.4	5.4–6.4	−14.1 – −8.9		−57.2 – −55.2	45.0–50.9	−50.2 – −48.3	−9.0 – −1.7	−11.3 – −4.9	0.3–1.5
6	−4.7 – −1.0	642.5–848.6	15.0–17.7	−17.3 – −9.1		−55.2 – −52.4	62.8–68.2	−46.0 – −44.0	−20.7 – −17.2	−23.1 – −19.3	0.2–1.6
7	19.5–24.1	318.8–397.4	20.6–23.5	−28.6 – −22.9		−66.9 – −64.4	62.5–65.6	−31.2 – −26.6	1.4–7.0	−2.1–4.4	0.2–1.3
8	15.7–18.0	409.1–459.3	19.7–20.4	−11.5 – −5.9		−73.2 – −71.8	66.4–69.1	−51.0 – −48.0	−10.3 – −6.0	−14.9 – −11.4	0.2–0.6
9	3.2–5.2	272.5–347.1	16.1–22.0	−40.6 – −32.2		−79.7 – −75.5	58.1–64.7	−63.2 – −56.1	−34.0 – −17.2	−40.4 – −24.6	0.3–2.2
10	17.8–20.5	−234.4–568.4	9.8–14.7	−68.3 – −55.3		−51.8 – −49.9	34.0–42.9	−45.0 – −39.7	−29.6 – −22.3	−34.9 – −27.0	0.2–1.8
11	4.6–9.5	505.5–705.9	7.1–8.9	−3.8–1.5		−49.3 – −47.6	67.3–70.2	−43.3 – −41.9	−14.6 – −12.0	−17.2 – −14.6	0.3–1.0
12	6.6–8.9	3.2–390.2	3.5–5.4	−50.7–40.1		−45.3 – −43.8	59.4–63.6	−53.8 – −49.3	−28.9 – −26.6	−29.8 – −28.3	0.8–1.4

Table A2. Individual participant ranges for ball grip angle, body kinematics and delivery swing angles for inswing trials.

Participant	Ball grip angle (°)	Hand global y orientation (°)	Hand global z orientation (°)	Wrist flex/ext angle (°)	Wrist flex/ext angular velocity (°/s)	Wrist radial/ulnar deviation angle (°)	Wrist radial/ulnar deviation angular velocity (°/s)	Forearm global y orientation (°)	Forearm global z orientation (°)	Elbow sup/pro angle (°)	Elbow sup/pro angular velocity (°/s)
1	10.0–10.0	−16.7 – −12.4	25.4–34.2	−23.2 – −21.0	369.5–503.4	11.9–14.5	−325.3 – −232.2	−7.7 – −4.7	48.0–58.1	−14.3 – −6.5	1662.1–2119.7
3	5.0–30.0	−11.4 – −4.9	17.6–27.8	−23.2 – −15.9	439.6–1014.7	9.3–12.6	−290.9 – −38.7	−2.5 – −1.2	45.1–53.3	−25.4 – −13.2	1071.3–1804.0
4	0.0–0.0	1.3–5.7	16.2–23.9	−24.0 – −15.1	769.3–974.0	22.1–25.6	−733.9 – −393.7	−0.5–6.8	46.6–57.2	−15.7 – −8.1	838.7–1357.9
7	12.0–30.0	−9.6 – −5.6	18.2–30.0	−18.9 – −14.2	218.1–520.9	17.4–20.0	−226.9 – −175.1	−6.8 – −1.9	55.8–63.6	4.7–9.9	533.3–1018.0
8	6.0–6.0	−9.1 – −6.0	26.5–40.8	−28.4 – −17.4	381.4–562.2	16.7–18.7	−271.4 – −185.0	0.4–2.2	50.0–65.3	−11.6 – −9.1	−949.1–1583.3
10	9.0–14.0	−2.0–1.3	0.0–10.6	−23.3 – −14.4	694.7–951.2	22.6–23.9	−134.3–177.1	−17.8 – −17.1	14.5–22.7	−16.3 – −0.7	−329.4–355.3
11	17.0–27.0	−32.3 – −10.2	−5.7–16.1	−40.7 – −31.9	168.2–846.5	14.7–19.1	−347.3–146.5	−18.2 – −14.6	37.4–54.7	−41.4 – −32.2	−36.2–1447.3
12	4.0–13.0	−5.4 – −2.2	0.9–14.5	−19.9 – −11.0	274.4–348.5	20.2–23.1	−171.5 – −79.3	−17.4 – −16.9	23.3–33.5	−3.3–12.2	1326.6–1564.7
Participant	Elbow flex/ext angle (°)	Elbow flex/ext angular velocity (°/s)	Upper arm global y orientation (°)	Upper arm global z orientation (°)	Shoulder abduction angle (°)	Thorax flex/ext angle (°)		Thorax lateral flex/ext angle (°)	Trunk global z orientation (°)	Pelvis global z orientation (°)	Total swing (°)
1	11.6–15.8	503.3–727.9	19.5–22.5	−29.1 – −17.5	−73.2 – −69.8	59.5–66.6		−48.9 – −45.8	−7.4–2.0	−13.1 – −5.7	0.2–0.5
3	−8.5 – −4.9	324.5–452.1	9.7–13.6	−29.0 – −16.4	−59.9 – −54.6	47.3–51.6		−45.5 – −43.1	−26.0 – −18.2	−26.0 – −18.2	0.2–0.9
4	20.7–23.4	248.5–365.7	18.0–24.0	−22.8 – −15.1	−58.5 – −54.9	55.7–60.4		−32.6 – −29.8	−7.7 – −5.3	−8.6 – −3.4	0.2–1.5
7	21.6–25.0	259.1–374.6	19.4–23.3	−38.8 – −29.6	−65.0 – −59.9	60.1–64.0		−30.9 – −28.5	3.0–7.0	1.1–4.8	0.3–1.1
8	17.5–19.5	320.2–421.1	16.2–19.0	−17.5 – −10.1	−75.2 – −72.7	65.1–71.0		−52.2 – −49.3	−12.0 – −10.1	−17.2 – −14.4	0.2–1.1
10	19.9–21.5	−194.6–337.5	7.0–8.9	−73.2 – −51.9	−51.0 – −49.1	35.7–43.5		−45.6 – −42.5	−28.3 – −21.7	−33.4 – −26.6	0.3–0.5
11	3.9–8.9	421.6–677.0	3.7–7.1	−10.7 – −1.1	−49.9 – −47.0	67.5–74.6		−45.2 – −39.8	−18.9 – −10.1	−21.4 – −13.4	0.2–1.5
12	13.6–15.9	232.0–468.0	1.8–4.8	−65.5 – −59.8	−48.9 – −49.5	59.7–60.1		−55.4 – −54.2	−31.3 – −29.2	−33.4 – −31.3	0.2–0.8