Pandemic-related stress in pregnant women during the first COVID-19 lockdown and neonatal development

Figures & data

Figure 1. Participants’ follow-up flow diagram.

Table 1. Means and standard errors and distributions for main study factors among pregnant women.

T1	Total sample (n = 181)		Primiparous (n = 94)		Multiparous (n = 87)		p-value*
	Mean/N	SD/%	Mean/N	SD/%	Mean/N	SD/%
Sociodemographic variables
Age	32.13	5.64	31.18	6.06	33.16	4.98	≥0.05
Weeks of pregnancy	26.60	10.50	26.95	10.23	26.23	10.82	0.647
Civil Status
Married or cohabiting	167	92.27%	-	-	80	91.95%	0.146
Single mother	11	6.08%	87	92.55%	4	4.60%
Divorced	3	1.66%	7	7.45%	3	3.45%
Level of studies
Primary school	8	4.42%	4	4.26%	4	4.60%	0.936
Secondary school	92	50.83%	49	52.13%	43	49.43%
University studies	81	44.75%	41	43.62%	40	45.98%
Country of origin
Spain	145	80.11%	75	79.79%	70	80.46%	0.528
South America	22	12.15%	12	12.77%	10	11.49%
Europe (not Spain)	11	6.08%	6	6.38%	5	5.75%
Russia	1	0.55%	1	1.06%		0.00%
Morocco	2	1.10%	-	-	2	2.30%
Work situation
Full time	103	56.91%	53	56.38%	53	56.38%	0.945
Half time	24	13.26%	12	12.77%	12	12.77%
Unemployed	54	29.83%	29	30.85%	29	30.85%
Gestational variables
Nº babies in present pregnancy	1.03	0.21	1.03	0.18	1.03	0.24	0.934
Nº previous miscarriages	0.21	1.12	0.16	0.51	0.26	1.55	0.574
Type of pregnancy
Spontaneous	167	92.27%	83	88.3%	84	96.6%	≥0.05
Artificial technique	14	7.73%	11	11.7%	3	3.4%
T2- Anthropometric data of the new born
Weeks of pregnancy	39,05	1,35	39,14	1,49	38,95	1,19	0,521
Length (cm)	50.09	1.53	50.46	1.62	49.74	1.38	≥0.05
Weigh (g)	3842.15	3582.32	3448.18	424.01	4207.98	4958.69	0.343
Head circumference (cm)	33.64	1.78	33.64	1.87	33.64	1.72	0.996

SD: Standard error. *T-test for numerical variables and Χ² test for categorical variables.

Table 2. Association of total PREPS score and average length of neonate baby estimated through multiple linear regression.

Sample	n	R^2	β	CI (95%)		p-value
Crude
Total sample	181	0.339	0.528	0.081	0.168	≥0.05
Primiparous	94	0.427	0.642	0.079	0.187	≥0.05
Multiparous	87	0.339	0.318	0.014	0.163	≥0.05
Adjusted
Total sample	181	0.263	0.513	0.076	0.166	≥0.05
Primiparous	94	0.350	0.592	0.069	0.176	≥0.05
Multiparous	87	0.160	0.400	0.025	0.184	≥0.05

Models were adjusted for age and gestational age. CI: Confidence interval.

Figure 2. Differences between primiparous (n = 94) and multiparous (n = 87) women in psychological variables. A- PREPS total scale; B-PREPS Factors; C- Perceived Stress Scale and Pregnancy-Specific Stress; D- SCL90-PSDI variables.

Figure 3. Maternal pandemic-related stress and its implications in neonatal growing and length.