Dietary exposure estimates of 18 elements from the 1st French Total Diet Study

Figures & data

Table I. Sampling of the FTDS for elements.

	Number of foods	Number of seasons	Number of regions	Number of composite analyses	Number of sub-samples per composite	Number of total purchased individual samples
National food	196	2	–	392	5	1960
Regional food	104	2	3	606^a	5	3030
Total	300	2	3	998	5	4990
^a17 fruits samples have not been found during the winter season for some region.

Table II. Internal quality control criteria.

IQC criteria	Controls
Calibration	≥4 Points and determination coefficient r^2 ≥ 0.995
Internal standard	100% of individual values must lie within ±50% of the target value
	Mean value must lie within ±30% of the target value
Drift	Across run ≤ ± 20%. One control each 6 samples + one at the end.
	75% of the values must lie within 20% of the target value
	100% of the values must lie within 40% of the target value
LOD  (Blanks control)	≤ Established value
Spike recovery	75% of the values must lie within 20% of the target value
	100% of the values must lie within 40% of the target value
CRM data	Within ±40% of the certified value or within ±100% of the indicative value
Duplicate sample	Within ±40% of the Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of the mean value

Table III. Limits of quantification for elements.

Element	Limit of Quantification (LOQ) mg/kg of fresh matter	Non-Quantified values (%)
Minerals and essential trace elements
Calcium (Ca)	15.3	4.3
Chromium (Cr)	0.030	38
Cobalt (Co)	0.002	63
Copper (Cu)	0.038	5.0
Lithium (Li)	0.006	46
Magnesium (Mg)	0.492	0.2
Manganese (Mn)	0.016	3.6
Molybdenum (Mo)	0.006	25
Nickel (Ni)	0.063	69
Selenium (Se)	0.045	81
Sodium (Na)	5.83	5.3
Zinc (Zn)	0.163	5.6
Non-essential trace elements
Aluminium (Al)	0.218	37
Antimony (Sb)	0.001	91
Arsenic (As)	0.009	65
Cadmium (Cd)	0.001	82
Lead (Pb)	0.010	59
Mercury (Hg)	0.011	80

Table IV. Mean concentrations of minerals, essential trace elements and non-essential trace elements included in the French Total Diet Study.

				Mean concentration (mg/kg fresh matter)
				Minerals and essential trace elements												Non-essential trace elements
Food group	% of coverage diet	No. of individual food item/season (N and/or R)^a	No. of individual food composite samples^b	Li	Cr	Mn	Co	Ni	Cu	Zn	Se	Mo	Na	Mg	Ca	Al	As	Cd	Pb	Hg	Sb
Bread, rusk	98.6	6 (N)	12	0.027	0.16	7.75	0.006	0.07	1.62	9.21	0.016	0.255	6820	341	627	4.06	0.004	0.0048	0.026	0.013	0.0003
Breakfast cereals	93.0	5 (N)	10	0.009	0.13	10.88	0.008	0.55	2.45	11.89	0.025	0.374	3248	484	1815	3.00	0.004	0.0017	0.015	0.010	0.0003
Pasta	99.2	1 (N)	2	0.002	0.04	2.54	0.025	0.02	1.08	3.77	0.011	0.034	2544	122	204	0.39	0.003	0.0022	0.012	0.003	0.0003
Rice and semolina	100	3 (N)	6	0.004	0.06	4.41	0.010	0.02	1.15	4.71	0.011	0.110	3364	226	216	0.42	0.016	0.0032	0.005	0.005	0.0003
Miscellaneous cereals	88.4	2 (N)	4	0.020	0.01	19.63	0.001	0.47	3.74	25.70	0.014	0.689	690	896	514	0.84	0.004	0.0075	0.018	0.013	0.0003
Viennese bread, buns	99.7	6 (N)	12	0.037	0.16	4.39	0.014	0.11	1.36	7.28	0.017	0.172	4417	221	564	2.89	0.003	0.0004	0.028	0.016	0.0003
Biscuits	81.6	7 (N)	14	0.005	0.14	3.51	0.018	0.28	1.82	5.94	0.011	0.113	2744	232	471	5.29	0.003	0.0012	0.019	0.009	0.0003
Cakes	75.4	6 (N)	12	0.012	0.07	1.99	0.001	0.06	0.71	3.98	0.011	0.085	1699	119	548	1.40	0.003	0.0004	0.008	0.004	0.0003
Milk	99.6	8 (N)	16	0.006	0.02	0.09	0.001	0.07	0.12	5.06	0.015	0.039	449	141	1371	0.19	0.003	0.0004	0.003	0.003	0.0003
Ultra-fresh dairy products	51.1	15 (N)	30	0.004	0.03	0.16	0.003	0.06	0.12	4.20	0.020	0.043	410	111	1184	0.33	0.003	0.0004	0.004	0.003	0.0003
Cheeses	61.6	8 (N)	16	0.010	0.14	0.25	0.018	0.26	0.97	30.67	0.060	0.075	5611	281	6741	0.44	0.003	0.0004	0.016	0.003	0.0003
Eggs and egg products	98.4	5 (R)	30	0.014	0.05	0.28	0.005	0.03	0.59	10.07	0.040	0.067	1237	108	711	0.10	0.008	0.0004	0.011	0.004	0.0003
Butter	51.5	1 (N)	2	0.002	0.07	0.03	0.018	0.02	0.07	0.58	0.011	0.031	120	60	145	0.08	0.051	0.0004	0.007	0.003	0.0003
Oils	12.9	1 (N)	2	0.002	0.04	0.06	0.017	0.02	0.05	0.19	0.011	0.011	60	45	19	0.05	0.045	0.0004	0.005	0.003	0.0003
Margarine	10.5	1 (N)	2	0.002	0.06	0.04	0.018	0.02	0.06	0.40	0.011	0.022	1735	42	111	0.05	0.060	0.0004	0.004	0.003	0.0003
Meat	82.6	1 (N) + 7 (R)	44	0.002	0.05	0.13	0.008	0.02	0.78	36.76	0.095	0.141	1292	286	153	0.21	0.009	0.0010	0.004	0.003	0.0017
Poultry and game	84.2	4 (R)	24	0.006	0.03	0.13	0.002	0.02	0.60	16.23	0.184	0.166	1266	305	169	0.26	0.022	0.0019	0.015	0.005	0.0005
Offals	60.5	3 (R)	18	0.041	0.10	2.14	0.033	0.04	13.46	31.12	0.011	0.777	2459	151	92	0.52	0.003	0.0516	0.055	0.019	0.0003
Delicatessen	60.7	1 (N) + 5 (R)	32	0.007	0.17	0.57	0.010	0.04	1.61	23.69	0.118	0.096	6885	257	257	2.23	0.032	0.0063	0.014	0.004	0.0024
Fish	57.1	10 (N) + 7 (R)	62	0.030	0.08	0.30	0.007	0.05	0.41	5.51	0.170	0.065	2117	262	346	0.51	2.237	0.0016	0.023	0.062	0.0003
Shellfish	66.3	3 (R)	18	0.123	0.09	2.68	0.046	0.23	7.05	65.93	0.011	0.129	5422	509	753	17.1	1.926	0.0827	0.098	0.017	0.0018
Vegetables (exc. potatoes)	86.1	9 (N) + 30 (R)	198	0.014	0.05	1.83	0.006	0.08	0.89	2.46	0.017	0.165	811	165	448	3.22	0.012	0.0108	0.015	0.005	0.0018
Starchy vegetables	98.6	4 (N) + 3 (R)	26	0.002	0.05	1.43	0.001	0.07	0.94	2.80	0.011	0.418	800	208	156	0.59	0.017	0.0109	0.005	0.007	0.0021
Pulses	95.4	8 (N)	16	0.016	0.08	4.20	0.008	0.33	2.06	6.99	0.060	0.727	1848	269	595	1.08	0.005	0.0012	0.012	0.016	0.0003
Fruits	99.1	6 (N) + 14 (R)	79*	0.007	0.01	2.05	0.009	0.03	0.65	0.73	0.016	0.010	12	103	99	0.41	0.076	0.0018	0.010	0.003	0.0024
Nuts and oilseeds	75.2	8 (N) + 1 (R)	22	0.022	0.06	10.81	0.041	1.15	7.15	18.77	0.048	1.301	477	1146	1593	4.10	0.169	0.0187	0.022	0.005	0.0018
Ices cream	85.7	1 (N)	2	0.002	0.10	1.44	0.003	0.37	1.28	3.68	0.011	0.466	517	287	859	3.91	0.061	0.0004	0.005	0.006	0.0003
Chocolate	72.3	2 (N)	4	0.021	0.34	2.38	0.050	0.63	2.39	8.57	0.011	0.167	976	368	1361	3.69	0.007	0.0004	0.028	0.042	0.0003
Sugars, confectionery	100	6 (N) + 1 (R)	18	0.002	0.12	2.31	0.021	0.04	0.86	1.65	0.011	0.024	108	118	193	1.51	0.018	0.0004	0.036	0.008	0.0003
Drinking waters	63.0	3 (N) + 1 (R)	12	0.100	0.01	0.19	0.001	0.03	0.05	0.05	0.011	0.002	38	27	120	0.05	0.003	0.0004	0.003	0.003	0.0003
Non-alcoholic beverages	95.9	23 (N)	46	0.004	0.05	0.82	0.002	0.03	0.24	0.44	0.011	0.007	76	60	143	0.45	0.017	0.0004	0.008	0.004	0.0003
Alcoholic beverages	60.8	11 (N)	22	0.003	0.02	0.55	0.001	0.02	0.07	0.64	0.011	0.002	19	48	49	0.52	0.003	0.0004	0.015	0.003	0.0003
Coffee	100	2 (R)	12	0.006	0.01	0.30	0.001	0.02	0.10	0.47	0.011	0.002	34	64	64	0.24	0.005	0.0004	0.004	0.003	0.0003
Hot beverages	99.7	2 (N)	4	0.002	0.02	0.58	0.002	0.09	0.50	4.20	0.011	0.016	237	113	632	1.03	0.003	0.0004	0.004	0.003	0.0003
Pizzas, salt cakes, quiche	33.6	3 (N)	6	0.006	0.07	1.62	0.001	0.02	0.69	10.06	0.040	0.057	4118	171	1428	2.24	0.023	0.0004	0.004	0.003	0.0003
Sandwiches	48.1	2 (R)	12	0.008	0.08	3.84	0.005	0.05	0.99	16.76	0.023	0.113	6020	285	701	1.38	0.003	0.0004	0.009	0.003	0.0003
Soups	97.9	1 (N) + 6 (R)	38	0.038	0.05	0.97	0.006	0.14	0.70	2.39	0.038	0.194	1507	107	213	1.09	0.004	0.0004	0.019	0.003	0.0003
Mixed dishes	82.9	8 (N) + 10 (R)	75	0.018	0.09	1.18	0.008	0.06	0.68	9.96	0.019	0.062	3307	141	433	1.28	0.030	0.0007	0.012	0.011	0.0003
Salads	40.8	2 (N)	4	0.010	0.14	2.20	0.033	0.07	0.96	4.97	0.030	0.105	2618	162	294	4.93	0.013	0.0004	0.022	0.003	0.0003
Dessert	77.3	6 (N)	12	0.012	0.09	0.75	0.011	0.23	0.84	4.60	0.014	0.120	497	172	1079	1.65	0.003	0.0004	0.010	0.009	0.0003
Stewed fruit, compote	97.6	4 (N)	8	0.003	0.03	3.06	0.001	0.03	0.37	0.45	0.011	0.013	6	53	67	0.39	0.003	0.0004	0.017	0.005	0.0004
Condiments, sauces	68.9	6 (N)	12	0.024	0.12	0.46	0.001	0.07	0.71	2.15	0.029	0.050	5086	191	387	1.13	0.003	0.0014	0.011	0.003	0.0004
Substitute meals	76.6	1 (N)	2	0.002	0.06	0.57	0.001	0.10	0.63	7.52	0.011	0.002	953	142	1330	1.41	0.003	0.0004	0.003	0.003	0.0003
^aN for National food item and R for Regional food item; ^bOne individual food item is composed of five sub-samples purchased and subsequently combined into one individual food composite sample per season. For national food item, we had one location and for regional food item, we had three different locations means three different individual food composites samples from the same individual food item classification per season; *17 fruits samples have not been found during the winter season for some region.

Table V. Estimation of daily intakes of minerals and essential trace elements for children from 3 to 14 years (n = 1018) from French Total Diet Study.

	Li (µg)		Cr (µg)		Mn (mg)		Co (µg)		Ni (µg)		Cu (mg)		Zn (mg)		Se (µg)		Mo (µg)		Na (g)		Mg (mg)		Ca (mg)
Food group	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95
Bread, rusk	1.31	3.85	6.24	19.35	0.35	1.02	0.22	0.69	2.49	7.84	0.08	0.23	0.48	1.40	1.86	5.75	15.26	44.6	0.41	1.19	14.5	44.2	28.3	82.5
Breakfast cereals	0.15	0.60	2.11	8.00	0.18	0.74	0.13	0.56	8.52	34.8	0.04	0.15	0.19	0.79	0.34	1.57	6.00	25.0	0.06	0.26	7.9	31.9	36.4	158
Pasta	0.06	0.15	1.38	3.75	0.09	0.25	0.90	2.45	0.87	2.38	0.04	0.11	0.14	0.38	0.40	1.10	1.23	3.35	0.09	0.25	4.5	12.2	7.5	20.4
Rice and semolina	0.06	0.23	1.06	3.18	0.04	0.11	0.27	0.80	0.34	1.03	0.02	0.06	0.06	0.19	0.23	0.71	1.52	5.10	0.07	0.20	1.3	5.2	4.0	12.5
Others cereals	0.04	0.20	0.02	0.11	0.03	0.09	0.00	0.00	0.43	0.74	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.18	0.02	0.08	0.79	2.25	0.00	0.01	1.3	5.1	0.8	2.9
Viennese and buns	0.84	2.92	3.33	12.2	0.11	0.40	0.35	1.41	2.51	10.4	0.03	0.12	0.18	0.66	0.61	2.27	3.86	13.4	0.11	0.38	5.6	19.1	12.1	41.6
Biscuits	0.07	0.27	3.94	16.3	0.09	0.32	0.58	2.66	8.39	37.4	0.05	0.19	0.16	0.52	0.27	0.90	2.81	9.39	0.07	0.22	6.3	23.1	11.5	38.1
Cakes	0.30	1.43	1.40	6.57	0.05	0.22	0.02	0.07	1.15	5.53	0.02	0.07	0.08	0.40	0.25	1.04	1.99	9.29	0.05	0.28	2.7	12.4	12.4	58.9
Milk	0.67	1.39	2.53	5.38	0.01	0.01	0.12	0.24	7.26	15.7	0.01	0.01	1.34	2.79	2.42	5.06	7.11	14.8	0.10	0.20	33.0	68.2	257	533
Ultra-fresh dairy products	0.13	0.46	1.13	3.79	0.01	0.04	0.09	0.43	2.54	9.21	0.00	0.01	0.16	0.53	0.78	2.56	1.51	4.85	0.02	0.05	4.4	14.0	45.9	151
Cheeses	0.12	0.41	1.49	5.24	0.00	0.01	0.20	0.74	3.12	10.7	0.02	0.08	0.40	1.43	0.58	2.01	0.91	3.17	0.06	0.23	3.5	12.3	89.0	322
Eggs, egg products	0.16	0.53	0.77	2.41	0.00	0.01	0.05	0.19	0.43	1.54	0.01	0.02	0.11	0.36	0.39	1.69	0.75	2.49	0.02	0.05	1.2	3.8	8.1	25.9
Butter	0.01	0.03	0.35	1.33	0.00	0.00	0.08	0.31	0.08	0.29	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.05	0.20	0.15	0.56	0.00	0.00	0.3	1.1	0.7	2.6
Vegetal oils	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Meat	0.12	0.32	2.43	5.91	0.01	0.03	0.20	0.75	0.91	2.17	0.03	0.07	1.73	4.24	2.88	8.28	6.58	16.0	0.06	0.16	11.6	28.5	5.8	14.7
Poultry and game	0.19	0.70	0.76	2.35	0.00	0.01	0.05	0.18	0.38	1.10	0.01	0.04	0.34	1.06	3.82	11.6	3.73	11.0	0.03	0.09	6.6	19.7	3.1	10.5
Offals	0.04	0.34	0.09	0.86	0.00	0.01	0.04	0.14	0.03	0.30	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.24	0.01	0.09	0.85	1.68	0.00	0.01	0.1	1.0	0.1	0.7
Delicatessen	0.09	0.32	2.48	8.04	0.01	0.02	0.14	0.46	0.52	1.74	0.02	0.07	0.36	1.10	1.94	5.66	1.24	4.86	0.09	0.29	4.4	12.2	3.8	12.6
Fish	0.40	1.38	0.94	3.09	0.01	0.03	0.06	0.29	0.73	2.57	0.01	0.02	0.07	0.23	2.09	7.62	1.19	4.36	0.05	0.16	3.5	11.5	3.5	13.3
Shellfish	0.13	0.91	0.10	0.79	0.00	0.02	0.06	0.43	0.33	2.49	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.13	0.01	0.11	0.16	1.16	0.01	0.05	0.5	3.0	0.9	6.5
Vegetables (except potatoes)	0.69	2.13	3.72	9.68	0.12	0.29	0.25	0.85	5.76	14.7	0.05	0.13	0.18	0.43	0.89	2.02	9.99	29.6	0.09	0.23	11.2	33.4	25.8	72.5
Starchy vegetables	0.17	0.41	3.46	8.41	0.07	0.15	0.06	0.16	4.20	9.70	0.05	0.11	0.16	0.36	0.66	1.50	20.09	49.1	0.05	0.14	10.1	22.8	14.8	37.7
Pulses	0.09	0.49	0.67	3.66	0.02	0.10	0.05	0.24	1.76	9.21	0.01	0.06	0.04	0.21	0.55	3.73	7.48	43.9	0.02	0.09	1.2	6.2	2.4	11.8
Fruits	0.29	0.99	0.63	1.83	0.32	1.16	0.55	2.36	1.68	5.56	0.05	0.17	0.06	0.24	1.38	4.97	0.72	2.36	0.00	0.01	10.5	32.8	5.8	20.9
Nuts and oilseeds	0.02	0.09	0.03	0.22	0.01	0.07	0.03	0.11	1.25	3.15	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.08	0.04	0.16	1.53	11.2	0.00	0.00	0.9	4.8	0.5	2.7
Ices cream	0.01	0.05	0.74	3.51	0.01	0.05	0.02	0.09	2.67	12.8	0.01	0.04	0.03	0.13	0.08	0.38	3.35	16.0	0.00	0.02	2.1	9.8	6.2	29.5
Chocolate	0.09	0.39	1.50	6.56	0.01	0.05	0.22	0.97	2.73	11.7	0.01	0.05	0.04	0.16	0.05	0.20	0.72	3.27	0.00	0.02	1.6	7.0	5.9	26.7
Sugars and confectionery	0.04	0.10	3.23	10.2	0.07	0.31	0.75	3.46	1.01	3.37	0.03	0.12	0.05	0.19	0.22	0.60	0.84	3.08	0.00	0.01	4.1	17.5	6.5	26.7
Drinking waters	3.62	12.1	2.20	5.79	0.01	0.02	0.15	0.38	7.69	19.9	0.02	0.07	0.02	0.04	3.29	8.45	0.45	1.15	0.01	0.02	3.7	11.5	24.0	67.9
Non-alcoholic beverages	0.83	2.71	7.97	24.7	0.05	0.14	0.34	0.95	5.30	14.9	0.04	0.11	0.07	0.19	2.10	5.78	0.74	2.43	0.01	0.02	13.7	38.8	13.5	37.9
Alcoholic beverages	0.01	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coffee	0.08	0.56	0.13	0.86	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.03	0.20	1.32	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.02	0.10	0.69	0.02	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.6	4.2	0.5	3.4
Hot beverages	0.04	0.12	0.51	1.58	0.01	0.04	0.04	0.11	1.92	5.44	0.01	0.03	0.09	0.26	0.22	0.76	0.36	1.02	0.01	0.01	2.5	7.0	13.8	39.8
Pizzas, salt cakes, quiches	0.02	0.10	0.31	1.58	0.01	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.09	0.48	0.00	0.02	0.05	0.25	0.31	1.83	0.33	1.91	0.02	0.11	0.8	4.4	5.3	25.7
Sandwiches	0.04	0.21	0.65	3.19	0.01	0.07	0.05	0.25	0.35	1.68	0.01	0.03	0.13	0.62	0.08	0.39	0.60	2.77	0.03	0.15	1.4	6.5	5.1	25.0
Soups	2.07	9.26	1.28	5.49	0.03	0.13	0.20	0.90	2.16	9.31	0.02	0.08	0.08	0.33	0.60	2.54	0.66	2.73	0.04	0.18	3.9	16.3	8.3	35.3
Mixed dishes	1.12	3.51	5.42	16.3	0.09	0.27	0.54	1.83	4.78	17.2	0.04	0.14	0.55	1.89	1.09	3.76	4.40	15.0	0.21	0.61	9.3	26.9	27.5	98.1
Salads	0.02	0.16	0.29	2.06	0.00	0.03	0.07	0.47	0.14	0.86	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.06	0.06	0.39	0.21	1.49	0.01	0.04	0.3	2.6	0.6	3.6
Dessert	0.31	1.20	2.51	11.08	0.02	0.11	0.39	1.87	7.26	33.7	0.03	0.12	0.14	0.52	0.33	1.26	3.19	12.0	0.01	0.06	5.2	21.4	30.1	110
Stewed fruit	0.02	0.10	0.21	1.00	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.02	0.20	0.91	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.12	0.50	0.13	0.63	0.00	0.00	0.3	1.4	0.6	3.3
Condiments, sauces	0.05	0.22	0.35	1.49	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.20	0.94	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.08	0.33	0.16	0.73	0.01	0.06	0.4	1.7	1.0	4.4
Total	14.5	28.1	68.4	111	1.88	3.51	7.26	12.8	92.4	157	0.81	1.36	7.63	12.0	31.2	49.4	114	196	1.81	3.15	197	307	729	1180

Table VI. Estimation of daily intakes of minerals and essential trace elements for adults, 15 years and more (n = 1474) from French Total Diet Study.

	Li (µg)		Cr (µg)		Mn (mg)		Co (µg)		Ni (µg)		Cu (mg)		Zn (mg)		Se (µg)		Mo (µg)		Na (g)		Mg (mg)		Ca (mg)
Food group	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95	Mean	P95
Bread, rusk	2.69	6.31	12.94	33.73	0.72	1.72	0.47	1.20	5.18	14.1	0.16	0.38	0.98	2.28	3.56	8.94	30.7	72.2	0.83	1.95	30.4	73.6	54.5	127
Breakfast cereals	0.06	0.34	0.51	4.00	0.06	0.39	0.03	0.17	2.48	14.7	0.01	0.08	0.07	0.40	0.20	1.06	2.16	13.1	0.01	0.08	2.7	16.4	9.8	74.6
Pasta	0.05	0.15	1.34	3.75	0.09	0.25	0.88	2.45	0.85	2.38	0.04	0.11	0.13	0.38	0.39	1.10	1.20	3.35	0.09	0.25	4.4	12.2	7.3	20.4
Rice and semolina	0.06	0.21	1.03	3.56	0.03	0.12	0.26	0.89	0.33	1.14	0.02	0.07	0.06	0.22	0.23	0.79	1.46	5.36	0.06	0.23	1.3	4.6	3.9	14.3
Others cereals	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.19	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.41	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.8	0.0	0.4	0.0
Viennese and buns	0.59	2.84	2.04	10.87	0.08	0.38	0.20	1.09	1.34	7.20	0.02	0.10	0.13	0.60	0.42	1.97	2.83	13.3	0.08	0.39	3.8	16.9	8.5	40.3
Biscuits	0.05	0.22	1.25	6.34	0.04	0.16	0.19	1.07	2.84	16.0	0.02	0.09	0.06	0.30	0.12	0.52	1.17	5.29	0.03	0.14	2.4	11.5	5.1	23.6
Cakes	0.34	1.38	1.53	5.94	0.06	0.22	0.02	0.08	1.22	4.88	0.02	0.07	0.09	0.35	0.31	1.16	2.22	8.85	0.04	0.22	3.0	11.9	13.8	54.9
Milk	0.36	1.07	1.37	4.15	0.00	0.01	0.06	0.18	3.85	11.7	0.00	0.01	0.73	2.17	1.35	4.14	3.87	11.6	0.05	0.15	17.9	53.2	140	416
Ultra-fresh dairy products	0.15	0.64	1.18	5.00	0.01	0.05	0.08	0.39	2.80	12.8	0.00	0.02	0.16	0.67	0.73	3.11	1.48	5.88	0.02	0.07	4.4	18.5	45.6	189
Cheeses	0.24	0.71	3.05	9.32	0.00	0.01	0.38	1.21	6.07	18.2	0.03	0.13	0.74	2.35	1.14	3.46	1.77	5.22	0.13	0.42	6.7	20.2	169	530
Eggs and egg products	0.26	0.84	1.23	3.98	0.00	0.02	0.07	0.26	0.70	2.31	0.01	0.03	0.18	0.56	0.60	2.38	1.22	3.83	0.03	0.08	1.9	6.1	13.1	41.2
Butter	0.01	0.04	0.54	2.01	0.00	0.00	0.13	0.48	0.12	0.43	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.08	0.30	0.23	0.84	0.00	0.00	0.4	1.6	1.1	3.9
Vegetal oils	0.00	0.00	0.05	0.16	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.05	0.01	0.05	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.05	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.13	0.07	0.20
Meat	0.12	0.30	2.60	6.44	0.01	0.03	0.25	0.93	1.00	2.49	0.04	0.09	1.97	4.80	4.23	11.9	7.74	19.4	0.07	0.17	14.0	34.4	7.1	19.2
Poultry and game	0.28	1.08	1.08	3.65	0.00	0.01	0.07	0.27	0.52	1.68	0.02	0.06	0.48	1.64	5.09	16.1	5.00	16.1	0.04	0.14	8.9	28.4	4.5	16.4
Offals	0.08	0.67	0.19	1.52	0.00	0.04	0.08	0.52	0.08	0.61	0.03	0.10	0.06	0.47	0.02	0.18	1.61	16.2	0.00	0.04	0.3	2.6	0.2	1.1
Delicatessen	0.12	0.42	3.04	9.66	0.01	0.03	0.18	0.64	0.65	2.09	0.02	0.09	0.45	1.38	2.43	6.97	1.64	6.83	0.11	0.37	5.6	16.0	4.6	14.8
Fish	0.49	1.93	1.04	3.75	0.01	0.03	0.10	0.52	0.77	2.96	0.01	0.02	0.08	0.33	2.73	11.5	1.13	4.45	0.04	0.16	4.2	16.2	4.9	25.1
Shellfish	0.29	2.11	0.23	1.55	0.01	0.03	0.12	1.01	0.76	4.43	0.02	0.07	0.11	0.31	0.03	0.19	0.33	2.70	0.02	0.09	1.2	6.8	2.2	12.8
Vegetables (except potatoes)	1.08	3.07	6.13	15.5	0.18	0.43	0.42	1.30	9.33	23.8	0.08	0.20	0.26	0.61	1.39	3.14	18.1	65.4	0.13	0.31	16.8	46.2	40.5	109
Starchy vegetables	0.17	0.43	3.38	8.34	0.07	0.16	0.07	0.19	4.16	9.84	0.05	0.12	0.15	0.36	0.68	1.65	21.5	55.1	0.05	0.13	10.1	24.1	12.6	35.7
Pulses	0.14	0.73	0.95	5.47	0.03	0.15	0.09	0.47	2.62	13.8	0.02	0.10	0.06	0.32	0.73	4.72	10.4	57.8	0.03	0.13	1.9	9.2	3.9	17.7
Fruits	0.46	1.59	1.03	3.09	0.35	1.43	0.92	3.68	2.82	8.98	0.08	0.23	0.09	0.37	2.19	7.46	1.29	4.51	0.00	0.01	14.8	44.1	9.3	30.9
Nuts and oilseeds	0.03	0.15	0.08	0.51	0.03	0.14	0.07	0.29	2.76	12.6	0.01	0.08	0.04	0.25	0.06	0.30	3.13	22.4	0.00	0.01	2.2	13.3	1.2	5.5
Ices cream	0.01	0.04	0.52	2.64	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.07	1.90	9.57	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.09	0.06	0.28	2.37	12.0	0.00	0.01	1.5	7.4	4.4	22.1
Chocolate	0.05	0.30	0.80	4.60	0.01	0.03	0.13	0.76	1.57	8.54	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.13	0.03	0.16	0.44	2.51	0.00	0.01	1.0	5.6	3.6	19.7
Sugars and confectionery	0.07	0.17	3.04	8.00	0.04	0.14	0.29	0.84	1.23	3.83	0.02	0.07	0.03	0.10	0.36	0.89	0.67	2.06	0.00	0.01	2.2	6.7	3.6	11.7
Drinking waters	11.56	42.9	2.69	7.93	0.02	0.08	0.18	0.53	9.05	26.6	0.02	0.08	0.02	0.06	3.87	11.6	0.54	1.59	0.01	0.03	5.5	23.7	31.0	100
Non-alcoholic beverages	0.41	1.91	3.98	17.8	0.02	0.08	0.17	0.65	2.67	11.1	0.02	0.08	0.03	0.14	1.05	4.37	0.37	1.69	0.00	0.02	6.8	26.8	7.2	28.4
Alcoholic beverages	0.30	1.31	1.86	8.75	0.05	0.27	0.05	0.22	1.58	7.19	0.01	0.04	0.07	0.35	1.07	4.92	0.15	0.67	0.00	0.01	5.6	26.1	4.1	19.5
Coffee	1.79	5.35	2.76	8.23	0.08	0.23	0.10	0.30	4.25	12.7	0.02	0.07	0.07	0.22	2.22	6.60	0.40	1.20	0.01	0.01	13.5	40.1	11.1	33.0
Hot beverages	0.11	0.60	0.91	4.65	0.05	0.30	0.05	0.21	2.21	10.2	0.02	0.12	0.12	0.60	0.80	4.40	0.22	0.93	0.00	0.01	1.8	7.4	11.4	48.3
Pizzas, salt cakes, quiches	0.04	0.18	0.49	2.34	0.01	0.05	0.00	0.02	0.14	0.64	0.00	0.02	0.07	0.33	0.48	2.07	0.53	2.44	0.03	0.14	1.3	5.7	8.4	39.2
Sandwiches	0.04	0.31	0.58	3.59	0.02	0.10	0.04	0.25	0.32	2.14	0.01	0.04	0.11	0.71	0.09	0.63	0.60	4.30	0.03	0.24	1.4	10.1	4.6	30.9
Soups	4.35	17.0	2.58	10.2	0.06	0.24	0.42	1.65	4.61	17.7	0.04	0.15	0.16	0.62	1.28	4.87	1.53	5.10	0.08	0.32	8.0	30.8	17.3	66.0
Mixed dishes	1.30	4.40	5.87	20.3	0.09	0.30	0.53	1.93	5.16	18.7	0.05	0.16	0.66	2.63	1.22	4.65	4.75	17.29	0.21	0.69	10.0	32.1	27.6	99.9
Salads	0.04	0.30	0.59	4.13	0.01	0.06	0.13	0.94	0.27	1.72	0.00	0.03	0.02	0.12	0.11	0.68	0.43	2.99	0.01	0.07	0.7	4.4	1.2	7.2
Dessert	0.21	0.98	1.67	8.84	0.01	0.08	0.26	1.49	4.76	24.6	0.02	0.09	0.09	0.41	0.21	0.94	2.14	9.78	0.01	0.05	3.4	15.5	19.4	91.0
Stewed fruit	0.02	0.11	0.22	1.32	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.03	0.20	1.14	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.11	0.63	0.13	0.75	0.00	0.00	0.3	1.6	0.6	3.8
Condiments,sauces	0.07	0.31	0.44	1.95	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.25	1.22	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.11	0.47	0.18	0.80	0.02	0.08	0.5	2.5	1.2	5.5
Total	28.5	59.8	76.9	117	2.31	4.26	7.53	12.5	93.7	149	0.98	1.55	8.66	13.5	41.8	64.4	138	235	2.30	3.87	224	331	721	1189

Table VII. Estimation of daily intakes of non-essential trace elements for children from 3 to 14 years (n = 1018) from French Total Diet Study.

	Al (mg)			As (µg)			Cd (µg)			Pb (µg)			Hg (µg)			Sb (µg)
Food group	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95
Bread, rusk	0.19	14.9	0.58	0.42	0.98	1.27	0.06	2.98	0.24	0.87	6.82	2.79	0.55	6.95	1.61	0.02	2.35	0.05
Breakfast cereals	0.06	4.44	0.22	0.06	0.13	0.21	0.02	1.05	0.10	0.27	2.13	1.03	0.17	2.17	0.65	0.00	0.64	0.02
Pasta	0.01	1.15	0.04	0.09	0.21	0.25	0.08	3.91	0.22	0.44	3.45	1.20	0.11	1.39	0.30	0.01	1.42	0.03
Rice and semolina	0.01	0.55	0.02	0.07	0.18	0.23	0.02	0.95	0.13	0.10	0.82	0.31	0.09	1.18	0.28	0.01	0.83	0.02
Miscellaneous cereals	0.00	0.16	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.53	0.04	0.03	0.21	0.11	0.02	0.24	0.07	0.00	0.06	0.00
Viennese bread and buns	0.07	5.70	0.28	0.07	0.15	0.23	0.01	0.43	0.03	0.72	5.66	2.52	0.40	5.08	1.43	0.01	0.94	0.03
Biscuits	0.12	9.41	0.45	0.06	0.14	0.20	0.04	1.73	0.17	0.39	3.07	1.46	0.21	2.63	0.74	0.01	0.94	0.02
Cakes	0.04	2.79	0.15	0.06	0.13	0.24	0.01	0.39	0.03	0.16	1.23	0.66	0.09	1.11	0.37	0.01	0.87	0.03
Milk	0.01	1.08	0.03	0.55	1.28	1.13	0.08	3.74	0.16	0.55	4.30	1.14	0.65	8.28	1.35	0.07	8.44	0.14
Ultra-fresh dairy products	0.02	1.38	0.07	0.10	0.24	0.33	0.01	0.68	0.05	0.13	1.03	0.43	0.13	1.66	0.44	0.01	1.54	0.04
Cheeses	0.00	0.34	0.01	0.03	0.07	0.11	0.00	0.22	0.02	0.18	1.40	0.64	0.04	0.48	0.13	0.00	0.49	0.01
Eggs and egg products	0.00	0.08	0.00	0.09	0.20	0.36	0.00	0.20	0.01	0.11	0.89	0.37	0.04	0.46	0.12	0.00	0.43	0.01
Butter	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.24	0.56	0.91	0.00	0.08	0.01	0.03	0.25	0.12	0.01	0.18	0.05	0.00	0.18	0.01
Vegetal oils	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00
Meat	0.01	0.82	0.03	0.32	0.74	0.92	0.03	1.60	0.10	0.15	1.17	0.37	0.12	1.57	0.30	0.08	10.77	0.22
Poultry and game	0.01	0.44	0.02	0.46	1.08	1.46	0.07	3.65	0.28	0.57	4.49	2.11	0.14	1.83	0.47	0.01	1.38	0.03
Offals	0.00	0.04	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.06	2.80	0.22	0.05	0.41	0.43	0.02	0.23	0.16	0.00	0.04	0.00
Delicatessen	0.03	2.05	0.11	0.61	1.43	1.73	0.08	3.82	0.31	0.22	1.70	0.67	0.06	0.78	0.19	0.04	5.34	0.17
Fish	0.01	0.84	0.04	21.6	50.6	73.7	0.02	0.94	0.10	0.23	1.82	0.79	0.66	8.38	2.28	0.00	0.51	0.01
Shellfish	0.02	1.91	0.19	3.34	7.81	23.7	0.07	3.66	0.48	0.12	0.96	0.83	0.02	0.31	0.19	0.00	0.29	0.02
Vegetables (except potatoes)	0.23	17.9	1.27	0.51	1.19	1.38	0.43	21.18	2.11	0.76	6.00	2.20	0.45	5.73	1.06	0.08	10.43	0.27
Starchy vegetables	0.04	2.78	0.09	0.86	2.01	2.11	0.55	26.86	1.35	0.34	2.65	0.80	0.47	5.89	1.05	0.11	13.70	0.28
Pulses	0.01	0.62	0.05	0.03	0.06	0.15	0.02	1.16	0.16	0.15	1.21	0.99	0.12	1.53	0.57	0.00	0.25	0.01
Fruits	0.02	1.90	0.09	6.33	14.81	19.91	0.08	3.67	0.34	0.82	6.42	3.03	0.26	3.31	0.82	0.08	10.42	0.39
Nuts and oilseeds	0.00	0.22	0.01	0.22	0.51	1.19	0.01	0.68	0.03	0.02	0.16	0.11	0.01	0.10	0.03	0.00	0.31	0.01
Ices cream	0.03	2.22	0.13	0.44	1.03	2.09	0.00	0.12	0.01	0.04	0.28	0.17	0.04	0.50	0.19	0.00	0.28	0.01
Chocolate	0.02	1.28	0.07	0.03	0.07	0.16	0.00	0.08	0.01	0.12	0.97	0.57	0.18	2.30	0.76	0.00	0.17	0.01
Sugars and confectionery	0.05	4.03	0.19	0.45	1.04	1.65	0.01	0.35	0.02	0.65	5.10	1.92	0.10	1.21	0.23	0.01	0.79	0.02
Drinking waters	0.02	1.29	0.04	0.75	1.75	1.92	0.10	5.12	0.27	0.75	5.86	1.92	0.90	11.35	2.30	0.09	11.57	0.23
Non-alcoholic beverages	0.05	3.89	0.17	3.06	7.15	8.29	0.07	3.27	0.18	1.40	10.96	4.25	0.62	7.88	1.74	0.06	7.39	0.16
Alcoholic beverages	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.01	0.08	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.00
Coffee	0.00	0.19	0.02	0.05	0.11	0.31	0.00	0.16	0.02	0.04	0.28	0.23	0.03	0.36	0.19	0.00	0.36	0.02
Hot beverages	0.02	1.57	0.07	0.05	0.11	0.17	0.01	0.34	0.02	0.07	0.58	0.26	0.06	0.74	0.21	0.01	0.76	0.02
Pizzas, salt cakes and quiches	0.01	0.48	0.03	0.10	0.24	0.55	0.00	0.09	0.01	0.02	0.12	0.08	0.02	0.20	0.09	0.00	0.20	0.01
Sandwiches	0.01	0.71	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.07	0.00	0.10	0.01	0.05	0.43	0.26	0.02	0.23	0.09	0.00	0.24	0.01
Soups	0.02	1.57	0.09	0.18	0.42	0.76	0.01	0.70	0.06	1.00	7.83	4.43	0.12	1.55	0.51	0.01	1.58	0.05
Mixed dishes	0.07	5.89	0.26	1.35	3.15	8.84	0.04	1.84	0.17	0.64	5.03	2.02	0.65	8.23	2.05	0.02	2.28	0.05
Salads	0.01	0.79	0.06	0.03	0.06	0.07	0.00	0.03	0.01	0.04	0.35	0.14	0.01	0.08	0.04	0.00	0.08	0.00
Dessert	0.05	4.02	0.23	0.07	0.16	0.27	0.01	0.46	0.04	0.26	2.02	1.02	0.24	2.99	0.91	0.01	1.03	0.03
Stewed fruit, compote	0.00	0.22	0.02	0.03	0.06	0.11	0.00	0.18	0.02	0.21	1.64	1.37	0.06	0.73	0.30	0.00	0.49	0.02
Condiments and sauces	0.00	0.32	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.04	0.00	0.24	0.02	0.03	0.23	0.12	0.01	0.12	0.04	0.00	0.13	0.00
Total	1.26		2.53	42.7		103	2.04		4.24	12.8		20.8	7.90		12.4	0.78		1.35

Table VIII. Estimation of daily intakes of non-essential trace elements for adults over 15 years and more (n = 1474) from French Total Diet Study.

	Al (mg)			As (µg)			Cd (µg)			Pb (µg)			Hg (µg)			Sb (µg)
Food group	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95	Mean	%	P95
Bread, rusk	0.40	24.56	1.02	0.80	1.28	1.99	0.16	5.78	0.59	1.96	10.6	5.35	1.13	11.7	2.67	0.04	3.61	0.08
Breakfast cereals	0.02	0.99	0.12	0.01	0.02	0.11	0.02	0.64	0.07	0.07	0.36	0.49	0.06	0.57	0.37	0.00	0.27	0.01
Pasta	0.01	0.87	0.04	0.09	0.14	0.25	0.08	2.85	0.22	0.43	2.33	1.20	0.11	1.11	0.30	0.01	1.07	0.03
Rice and semolina	0.01	0.41	0.02	0.08	0.12	0.26	0.02	0.64	0.09	0.10	0.55	0.36	0.09	0.94	0.32	0.01	0.62	0.02
Miscellaneous cereals	0.00	0.08	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.23	0.00	0.02	0.09	0.00	0.01	0.11	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.00
Viennese bread and buns	0.04	2.67	0.21	0.05	0.08	0.22	0.01	0.23	0.03	0.51	2.76	2.37	0.28	2.93	1.34	0.01	0.52	0.03
Biscuits	0.05	3.21	0.25	0.03	0.04	0.12	0.01	0.29	0.03	0.20	1.10	0.92	0.10	1.05	0.47	0.00	0.33	0.01
Cakes	0.04	2.62	0.16	0.07	0.11	0.26	0.01	0.37	0.04	0.20	1.06	0.73	0.11	1.11	0.41	0.01	0.85	0.03
Milk	0.01	0.41	0.02	0.30	0.48	0.88	0.04	1.52	0.12	0.30	1.64	0.92	0.36	3.70	1.06	0.04	3.55	0.11
Ultra-fresh dairy products	0.01	0.69	0.05	0.10	0.16	0.40	0.01	0.49	0.06	0.14	0.78	0.60	0.12	1.24	0.48	0.01	1.14	0.05
Cheeses	0.01	0.53	0.03	0.06	0.10	0.19	0.01	0.33	0.03	0.37	1.99	1.10	0.07	0.77	0.22	0.01	0.74	0.02
Eggs and egg products	0.00	0.10	0.00	0.13	0.21	0.52	0.01	0.24	0.02	0.18	0.99	0.59	0.06	0.61	0.18	0.01	0.54	0.02
Butter	0.00	0.04	0.00	0.37	0.60	1.37	0.00	0.09	0.01	0.05	0.27	0.18	0.02	0.23	0.08	0.00	0.22	0.01
Vegetal oils	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.05	0.08	0.16	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.01	0.00	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.03	0.00
Meat	0.01	0.67	0.03	0.45	0.73	1.29	0.04	1.63	0.12	0.18	0.97	0.45	0.15	1.56	0.37	0.09	8.94	0.25
Poultry and game	0.01	0.49	0.03	0.58	0.94	1.90	0.11	4.01	0.43	0.84	4.55	3.27	0.21	2.16	0.71	0.02	1.51	0.05
Offals	0.00	0.07	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.04	0.11	4.04	0.93	0.12	0.64	1.12	0.04	0.39	0.33	0.00	0.06	0.01
Delicatessen	0.03	2.07	0.15	0.76	1.22	2.14	0.09	3.43	0.38	0.27	1.48	0.85	0.08	0.83	0.25	0.04	4.37	0.18
Fish	0.01	0.55	0.03	30.6	49.2	110	0.03	0.95	0.13	0.28	1.49	0.96	0.89	9.19	3.84	0.00	0.47	0.02
Shellfish	0.05	3.37	0.32	7.99	12.9	53.2	0.18	6.41	1.18	0.26	1.40	1.94	0.06	0.63	0.37	0.01	0.54	0.03
Vegetables (except potatoes)	0.32	19.6	1.69	0.85	1.37	2.29	0.65	23.7	2.74	1.18	6.39	3.18	0.73	7.60	1.67	0.15	14.7	0.50
Starchy vegetables	0.03	2.00	0.08	0.85	1.37	2.21	0.58	21.2	1.42	0.35	1.91	0.85	0.45	4.62	1.05	0.13	12.5	0.33
Pulses	0.01	0.65	0.06	0.04	0.07	0.21	0.03	1.11	0.18	0.20	1.11	1.17	0.18	1.88	0.86	0.00	0.29	0.01
Fruits	0.04	2.63	0.15	10.4	16.7	33.7	0.10	3.81	0.39	1.36	7.36	4.77	0.43	4.45	1.31	0.11	10.9	0.40
Nuts and oilseeds	0.00	0.28	0.02	0.38	0.61	2.56	0.04	1.32	0.21	0.03	0.17	0.20	0.01	0.13	0.09	0.00	0.43	0.03
Ices cream	0.02	1.23	0.10	0.31	0.50	1.57	0.00	0.07	0.01	0.03	0.14	0.13	0.03	0.29	0.14	0.00	0.15	0.01
Chocolate	0.01	0.56	0.05	0.01	0.02	0.08	0.00	0.03	0.01	0.06	0.32	0.32	0.10	1.04	0.58	0.00	0.07	0.00
Sugars and confectionery	0.04	2.72	0.15	0.33	0.53	1.02	0.01	0.42	0.03	1.39	7.56	3.67	0.13	1.33	0.33	0.01	0.97	0.02
Drinking waters	0.02	1.18	0.06	0.88	1.42	2.63	0.12	4.51	0.37	0.88	4.77	2.63	1.06	10.9	3.15	0.11	10.5	0.32
Non-alcoholic beverages	0.02	1.17	0.08	1.50	2.42	6.13	0.03	1.22	0.14	0.65	3.52	2.85	0.31	3.25	1.31	0.03	2.86	0.12
Alcoholic beverages	0.04	2.66	0.21	0.26	0.42	1.23	0.03	1.25	0.16	1.39	7.52	6.69	0.29	3.03	1.34	0.03	2.91	0.13
Coffee	0.05	3.24	0.16	0.99	1.60	2.95	0.07	2.58	0.21	0.75	4.09	2.25	0.60	6.26	1.80	0.06	6.02	0.18
Hot beverages	0.08	5.10	0.46	0.18	0.29	1.00	0.03	0.94	0.14	0.27	1.49	1.50	0.22	2.27	1.20	0.02	2.18	0.12
Pizzas, salt cakes and quiches	0.01	0.59	0.04	0.17	0.28	0.86	0.00	0.11	0.01	0.02	0.13	0.11	0.03	0.26	0.12	0.00	0.25	0.01
Sandwiches	0.01	0.51	0.05	0.01	0.02	0.10	0.00	0.07	0.01	0.05	0.28	0.34	0.02	0.18	0.12	0.00	0.17	0.01
Soups	0.04	2.59	0.18	0.37	0.60	1.47	0.03	1.09	0.11	2.10	11.4	8.17	0.25	2.63	0.98	0.03	2.53	0.10
Mixed dishes	0.08	5.12	0.30	1.93	3.11	15.3	0.05	1.72	0.23	0.73	3.94	2.52	0.63	6.49	1.95	0.02	1.96	0.06
Salads	0.02	1.21	0.13	0.05	0.07	0.23	0.00	0.05	0.01	0.08	0.43	0.39	0.01	0.13	0.09	0.00	0.12	0.01
Dessert	0.03	2.06	0.18	0.05	0.07	0.21	0.01	0.23	0.03	0.17	0.93	0.86	0.16	1.64	0.75	0.01	0.53	0.03
Stewed fruit, compote	0.00	0.17	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.14	0.00	0.13	0.02	0.22	1.22	1.44	0.06	0.58	0.30	0.00	0.37	0.02
Condiments and sauces	0.00	0.27	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.05	0.01	0.20	0.03	0.04	0.22	0.16	0.01	0.13	0.05	0.00	0.13	0.01
Total	1.62		3.21	62.1		163	2.73		5.48	18.4		30.0	9.65		14.7	1.00		1.72

Table IX. Intakes distribution and quantification of the probabilities for general population to be under or over toxicological or nutritional references values established for minerals and essential trace elements.

			Adults (15 years and more, n = 1474)					Children (3 to 14 years, n = 1018)
Minerals and essential Trace elements	Nutritional reference value LTI^a	Toxicological reference value UL^b	P2.5	P50	P97.5	% < LTI^a	% > UL^b	P2.5	P50	P97.5	% < LTI^a	% > UL^b
Calcium (mg/d)	200–300 (children)400 (adults)	2000–2500	300	696	1312	8.6	0.01	274	701	1324	4.3	0.01
	AFSSA, 2001; SCF, 1993, 2003a
Chromium (µg/d)	No recommendation	1000	43	74	126	–	0	34	65	124	–	0
	SCF, 2003c
Cobalt (µg/d)	No recommendation	3.5	7.1	14	–	–	3.0	6.8	15	–	–
Copper (mg/d)	0.2–0.3 (children)0.6 (adults)	10–>35	0.5	0.9	1.7	7.3	0	0.4	0.8	1.6	0.01	0
	SCF, 1993; JECFA, 1982
Lithium (µg/d)	No recommendation		7.8	18	144	–	–	4.6	11	38	–	–
Magnesium (mg/d)	34–110 (children)150 (adults)	560	130	215	359	7.2	0	105	191	334	1.3	0
	AFSSA, 2001; SCF, 2001
Manganese (mg/d)	0.75	10	1.0	2.2	4.8	0.4	0	0.6	1.7	4.2	0.8	0.01
	AFSSA, 2001; SCF, 2000b
Molybdenum (µg/d)	17.5	200–400 (children) 600 (adults)	65	128	270	0	0	48	106	216	0	0.5
	SCF, 2000a; AFSSA, 2001
Nickel (µg/d)	No recommendation	600	47	90	166	–	0	42	87	174	–	0
	AFSSA, 2001
Selenium (µg/d)	4–10 (children) 20 (adults)	90–250 (children) 150–300 (adults)	22	40	70	1.5	0	15	30	55	0.2	0
	CSHPF, 1996; SCF, 2000c
Sodium (g/d)	0.57	3.15–3.5	1.1	2.2	4.3	0.07	8–13	0.8	1.7	3.8	0.3	3.5–5
	SCF, 1993; AFSSA, 2002
Zinc (mg/d)	1.6–3.6 (children) 4–5 (adults)	10–30 (children) 25–60 (adults)	4.6	8.3	15	2.6	0–2.0	3.6	7.3	14	0.9	0–2.1
	JECFA, 1982; CSHPF, 1996; SCF, 2003b
^aLowest threshold intake; ^bUpper level.

Table X. Intakes distribution and quantification of the probabilities for general population to be under or over toxicological reference value established for non-essential trace elements.

		Adults (15 years and more n = 1474)				Children (3 to 14 years, n = 1018)
Non-essential trace elements	Toxicological reference value PTWI^c	P2.5	P50	P97.5	% > PTWI^c	P2.5	P50	P97.5	% > PTWI^c
Aluminium (mg/kg b.w./w)	7 JECFA, 1988	0.1	0.15	0.4	0	0.1	0.3	0.7	0
Antimony (µg/d)	360^d WHO, 2003	0.5	0.9	2.0	0	0.3	0.7	1.6	0
Arsenic (µg/kg b.w./w)	350 (15)^b WHO, 1967 (JECFA, 1989)	1.0 (0.1)^b	4.3 (0.4)^b	31 (3.1)^b	0 (0)^b	1.3 (0.1)^b	7.6 (0.8)^b	42 (4.2)^b	0 (0)^b
Cadmium (µg/kg b.w./w)	7 JECFA, 2003	0.1	0.3	0.7	0	0.1	0.4	1.2	0
Lead (µg/kg b.w./w)	25 JECFA, 1999	1.0	1.9	3.6	0	1.1	2.9	6.4	0
Mercury (µg/kg b.w./w)	5 JECFA, 1988	0.54	1.0	1.8	0	0.7	1.9	4.1	0.5
Methylmercury (µg/kg b.w./w)^a	1.6 JECFA, 2003	0.01	0.1	0.7	0	0.02	0.2	1.0	1
^aIntakes estimation for methylmercury have been calculated only from fish and shellfish consumption for adults and children consumers, which food sources are known to be the main exposure sources to methylmercury; ^bThe PTWI of 15 µg/kg b.w. for arsenic inorganic have been established by JECFA in 1989; ^cProvisional Tolerable Weekly Intake; ^dTolerable Daily Intake.

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