Ochratoxin A: Comparative pharmacokinetics and toxicological implications (experimental and domestic animals and humans)

Figures & data

Table I. Kinetic parameters in orally (gavage) OTA-exposed (single application) humans and animals.

Species	Sex	Application format	Abs. (%)	t1/2α (h)	t1/2β (h)	Clearance (ml h^−1 kg^−1)	Model proposed	Ref.
Human	m	Ethanol/Saline	> 85.5	20.13	853.2	0.0905	2-Compartment open	1
Monkey (M. mulata)	m	NaHCO3	57	n.r.	510	0.18	1-Compartment (1st-order)	2
Monkey (M. mulata)	f	NaHCO3	57	n.r.	510	0.18	1-Compartment (1st-order)	2
Rat (F344)	m	Corn oil	n.r.	n.r.	224	n.r.	1-Compartment (1st-order)	3
Rat (F344)	f	Corn oil	n.r.	n.r.	231	n.r.	1-Compartment (1st-order)	3
Rat (Wistar)	m	NaHCO3	44	n.r.	120	0.91	2-Compartment open	2
Rat (Sprague-Dawley)	m	NaHCO3	n.r.	2.1	57.8	n.r.	2-Compartment open	4
Mouse (NIH-Bethesda)	m	NaHCO3	97	n.r.	39	6.1	2-Compartment open	2
Fish (C. carpio)	n.r.	NaHCO3	1.6	n.r.	0.68	58	2-Compartment open	2
Quail (C. coturnix)	m	NaHCO3	62	n.r.	6.7	57	2-Compartment open	2
Quail (C. coturnix)	f	NaHCO3	62	n.r.	6.7	57	2-Compartment open	2
m: male; f: female; n.r.: not reported; 1: (Studer-Rohr et al. 2000); 2: (Hagelberg et al. 1989); 3: (Zepnik et al. 2003); 4: (Galtier et al. 1979); 5: (Stander et al. 2001); 6: (Hult et al. 1979); 7: (Li et al. 1997); 8: (Galtier et al. 1981); 9: (Sreemannarayana et al. 1988).

Table II. Kinetic values in i.v. OTA-exposed (single application) animals.

Species	Sex	Application format	t1/2α (h)	t1/2β (h)	Clearance (ml h^−1 kg^−1)	Model proposed	Ref.
Monkey (M. mulata)	m	NaHCO3	n.r.	840	0.17	2-Compartment open	2
Monkey (M. mulata)	f	NaHCO3	n.r.	840	0.17	2-Compartment open	2
Monkey (C. aethiops)	f	NaHCO3	58–72	462–495	0.22	2-Compartment open	5
Pig	n.r.	NaHCO3	n.r.	150	1.5	2-Compartment open	6
Pre-ruminant calves	n.r.	NaHCO3	1.8	77	n.r.	2-Compartment open	9
Rat (Sprague-Dawley)	f	Ethanol/Saline	2.7	103	3.11	2-Compartment open	7
Rat (Sprague-Dawley)	m	NaHCO3	1.5	53.3	n.r.	2-Compartment open	4
Rat (Wistar)	m	NaHCO3	n.r.	120	0.92	2-Compartment open	2
Mouse (NIH-Bethesda)	m	NaHCO3	n.r.	48	6.1	2-Compartment open	2
Rabbit	n.r.	NaHCO3	1.9	8.2	n.r.	2-Compartment open	8
Fish (C. carpio)	n.r.	NaHCO3	n.r.	8.3	57	2-Compartment open	2
Quail (C. coturnix)	m	NaHCO3	n.r.	12	86	2-Compartment open	2
Quail (C. coturnix)	f	NaHCO3	n.r.	12	86	2-Compartment open	2
Chicken	n.r.	NaHCO3	0.5	4.1	n.r.	2-Compartment open	8
m: male; f: female; n.r.: not reported; 1: (Studer-Rohr et al. 2000); 2: (Hagelberg et al. 1989); 3: (Zepnik et al. 2003); 4: (Galtier et al. 1979); 5: (Stander et al. 2001); 6: (Hult et al. 1979); 7: (Li et al. 1997); 8: (Galtier et al. 1981); 9: (Sreemannarayana et al. 1988).

Figure 1. Chemical structures of OTA and some of its metabolites.

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