Figures & data
Figure 1. (A) Physical appearance of gold mesoflowers (AuMS) solution, (B) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of gold mesoflowers (AuMS) and (C) UV-Vis spectrum of the AuMS solution. Inset (A) shows the powder AuMS and (B) shows SEM image of a single AuMS.
Figure 2. (A) Transmission electron microscope image of graphene; the foldings are marked with blue arrows confirming the sheets are micron sized. The inset in the figure shows the Raman spectrum (a) of graphene. (B) UV-Vis spectrum of the reduced graphene oxide solution and the inset (B) shows the photograph of graphene solution.
Figure 3. Schematic of the experimental set up. (A) Photographic view of experimental set-up. (B) Test section containing phantom and blood vessel. (1) Constant temperature bath, (2) syringe pump, (3) test section containing tissue phantom, (4) water storage, (5) power source, (6) IR camera, (7) laser head, (8) laser controller, (9) data acquisition system, (10) computer, (11) thermocouples.
Table 1. Physical and optical properties.
Figure 4. (A) Axial temperature variation for different power levels at 300 s of laser heating (in the case of bare tissue). (B) Temporal temperature distribution at different depth for power level of 408 mW (in case of bare tissue).
Figure 5. (A) Axial temperature variation for different power levels at 300 s of laser heating (in the case of single vessel transiting tissue (SVTT) at 2.5 mm depth). (B) Temporal temperature distribution at different depth for power level of 408 mW (in the case of SVTT at 2.5 mm depth).
Figure 6. (A) Axial temperature variation in tissue without introducing gold mesoflowers (power = 408 mW, time = 300 s). (B) Axial temperature variation in tissue with introducing AuMS at concentration of 3 mg/g (power = 408 mW, time = 300 s). SVTT, single vessel transiting tissue.
Figure 7. (A) Maximum rise in temperature for various cases (power =558 mW, time = 300 s, 3 mg/g). (B) Position of peak temperature for various cases (power = 558 mW, time = 300 s, 3 mg/g).
Figure 8. (A) Comparison of axial temperature variation in the case of bare tissue without nanoparticles (laser power = 558 mW, time = 300 s). (B) Comparison of axial temperature variation in case of bare tissue with nanoparticles (AuMS, 3 mg/g); (laser power = 558 mW, time = 300 s). AuMS, gold mesoflowers; BT, bare tissue; Gr, graphene; SVTT, single vessel transiting tissue.
Figure 9. (A) Comparison of axial temperature variation in case of single vessel transiting tissue (SVTT) with blood vessel placed at depth of 2.5 mm from tissue surface without nanoparticles (laser power = 558 mW, time = 300 s, flow rate = 10 mL/min). (B) Comparison of axial temperature variation in case of SVTT with blood vessel placed at depth of 2.5 mm from tissue surface with nanoparticles (AuMS, 3 mg/g); (laser power = 558 mW, time = 300 s, flow rate = 10 mL/min).
Figure 10. Predicted temperature distribution at mid Y–Z plane in the case of bare tissue. (A) Multiple scattering in the absence of gold mesoflowers (AuMS), (B) multiple scattering in the presence of AuMS, (C) Welch model in the absence of AuMS, (D) Welch model in the presence of AuMS (power = 558 mW, 300 s).
Figure 11. Predicted temperature distribution at mid Y–Z plane in the case of single vessel transiting tissue (SVTT) with the blood vessel placed at a depth of 2.5 mm from the surface. (A) Multiple scattering in the absence of gold mesoflowers (AuMS), (B) multiple scattering in presence of AuMS, (C) Welch model in the absence of AuMS, (D) Welch model in the presence of AuMS (power = 558 mW, 300 s, flow rate = 10 mL/min).
