Ethanol and thermal ablation for malignant thyroid tumours

Figures & data

Table 1. Publications of radiofrequency ablation for recurrent thyroid cancers.

								Serum thyroglobulin concentration (ng/ml)
	Publication (year)	Patient no.	Nodule no.	Follow-up (month)	Largest diameter (cm)	Volume reduction (%)	Completely disappear (%)	Before	After	Patient numbers^b	Volume reduction >50% (%)	Recurrence
Dupuy et al. [10]	2001	8	11	10.3	2.4	From 24 to 18 mm^a	58.2	34.1	2.6	6/8 (75)	84.8	2/8
Monchik et al. [43]	2006	16	24	40.7	1.7		42	37	1.9		75	3/16
Baek et al. [9]	2011	10	12	23	1.4	93	50	8.1	2.2	7/10 (70)	91.6	1./12
Guenette et al. [11]	2013	14	21	61.3	1.5
Lee et al. [24]	2014	32	35	30	0.81	96.4	94	16.7	10.5			1/35
Wang et al. [52]	2014	8	20	9.4	1.0	77	25	7.7	3.4	6/8 (75)	92	0/20
Lim et al. [13]	2015	39	61	26	0.8	95.1	82	1.2	0.5	13/29 (44.8)	97	4/61
Kim et al. [12]	2015	27	36	36	0.98	98.4	86					3/26
Long et al. [58]	2015	12	12	4-6
Guang et al. [68]	2017	33	54	21	1.2	94.9	61.1	10.2	1.1		100	1

^a Volume reductions in these articles are not suggested, and the mean size of the lymph nodes is suggested.

^b Number of patient with percentage in decreased serum thyroglobulin.

Table 2. Efficacy of ethanol ablation for recurrent thyroid cancers.

								Serum thyroglobulin concentration (ng/ml)
	Publication (year)	Patient no.	Nodule no.	Follow-up (month)	Mean size (mm or mm^3)	Volume reduction >50% (%)	Completely disappearance (%)	Before	After	Ethanol amount (cc)	Recurrence
Monchik et al. [43]	2006	6	7	19				6.1	2.0 (3/6)^a
Lim et al. [8]	2007	16	24	24	9.9 mm		42	2.53	0.2	1.1/LN
Lewis et al. [7]	2002	14	29	18	492 mm^3	70.8	31			0.34/LN
Kim et al. [6]	2008	27	47	28.2	11.6mm, 678.8 mm^3	98	44.7			2.4/LN, 1.1/session
Heilo et al. [5]	2011	63	109	38.4						0.1-1/LN	2
Hay et al. [4]	2013	25	37	65	14mm, 223 mm^3		46		≤0.2^b (55%)	0.5	2

^a In this article, serum thyroglobulin level was followed for three of the six patients.

^b Serum thyroglobulin levels ≤0.2 ng/ml were found in 12 of the 22 (55%).

Table 3. Demographic date, efficacy, and complications following LA.

	Publication (year)	Number of tumours	Mean size (cm)	Volume reduction (%)	Treatment session	Disappearance (%)	PET-CT/CEUS(−) (%)	Local tumour progression	Voice change	Skin burn
Panini et al. [16]	2013	8	0.64 ml	88	1	–	63		1
Mauri et al. [15]	2013	24	1.1		1	–	80	8.3	1
Mauri et al. [14]	2016	46	1.0		1.1		79.1	17.4	1	1
Zhou et al. [43]	2016	21	0.75	99	1.1	84	89	11	1

Table 4. Complications and demographic data of radiofrequency ablation, laser ablation, microwave ablation for primary thyroid cancers.

	Modality	Patients	Follow up period (months)	Distant metastasis	Voice change	Other complications
Yue et al. [19]	Microwave	21	11	0	4^a	Temporary or local discomfort, 2 chocking and coughing^b
Zhang et al. [26]	Radiofrequency	92	7.8	0	4^c	1 Moderate pain
Kim et al. [28]	Radiofrequency	6	48	0	0	1 Mild headache 1 Mild neck pain
Zhou et al. [55]	Laser	30	13	0	0	Pain and regional discomfort

^a All of patients recovered within 3 months spontaneously.

^b Choking and coughing appeared in two patients, and disappeared in 24 h and 7 d, respectively, without any treatment.

^c All of patients recovered within 3 h.

Table 5. Complications following radiofrequency ablation of recurrent thyroid cancer.

	Publication (year)	Country	Number of patients	Voice change	Skin burn	Shoulder drop	Confusion	Hematoma	Swelling	Pain (self-limited)
Dupuy et al. [10]	2001	Ireland	8	1^a	1					+
Monchik et al. [43]	2006	Ireland	16	1^a	1					+
Baek et al. [9]	2011	Korea	10	1^a						+
Park et al. [25]	2011	Korea	11		1					+
Guenette et al. [11]	2013	Ireland	14	1^b						+
Lee et al. [24]	2014	Korea	32	6^a						+
Wang et al. [52]	2015	China	8							+
Lim et al. [13]	2015	Korea	39	3^a						+
Kim et al. [12]	2015	Korea	27	1^a						+
Long et al. [58]	2015	China	12			–			1	5
Kim et al. [59]	2016	Korea	129	5^a		3	1	1	1	2
Guang et al. [68]	2017	China	33							1
Total	–	–	339	19	3	3	1	1	2	–

^a Voice change during the treatment of central neck lesions.

^b Voice change during the treatment of lateral neck lesions.

Table 6. Complications following ethanol ablation of recurrent thyroid cancers.

	Publication (year)	Voice change (period)	Pain	Discomfort
Monchik et al. [43]	2006	1		100% Neck swelling and regional discomfort^a
Kim et al. [6]	2008	1 (1 week)	73% localised pain
Lim et al. [8]	2007	1 (5 d)	Self-limited pain
Lewis et al. [7]	2002	0
Heilo et al. [5]	2011			10%
Hay et al. [4]	2013	1		100%

^a Self-limited neck swelling and regional discomfort were reported in all 16 patients and resolved within 1–2 weeks.

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