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Review Article

Ultra-endurance events in tropical environments and countermeasures to optimize performances and health

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 752-759 | Received 24 Apr 2019, Accepted 19 Jun 2019, Published online: 20 Aug 2019

Figures & data

Figure 1. Nomogram representing the impact of WBGT on the relation between marathon finishing times according to quartiles and relative performance decrement in comparison with WBGT at 5 °C. Modified from [Citation5].

Figure 1. Nomogram representing the impact of WBGT on the relation between marathon finishing times according to quartiles and relative performance decrement in comparison with WBGT at 5 °C. Modified from [Citation5].

Figure 2. Proportion of runners abandoning the Western States Endurance Run (161 km; 6000 m D+) race at each checkpoint along the course (A), and relationship between finish times for the 2006 (7–38 °C) and 2007 (2–30 °C) edition (B). Modified from [Citation6].

Figure 2. Proportion of runners abandoning the Western States Endurance Run (161 km; 6000 m D+) race at each checkpoint along the course (A), and relationship between finish times for the 2006 (7–38 °C) and 2007 (2–30 °C) edition (B). Modified from [Citation6].

Figure 3. Individual and mean values (±SD) of core temperature at each stage of the Guadeloupe half-Ironman held in tropical climate. T1: just before the race; T2: after the swim phase; T3: after the cycle phase; T4: at the end of the run phase. Temperatures were obtained from telemetric intestinal temperature devices ingested at least 6 h before the race. Modified from [Citation33].

Figure 3. Individual and mean values (±SD) of core temperature at each stage of the Guadeloupe half-Ironman held in tropical climate. T1: just before the race; T2: after the swim phase; T3: after the cycle phase; T4: at the end of the run phase. Temperatures were obtained from telemetric intestinal temperature devices ingested at least 6 h before the race. Modified from [Citation33].

Figure 4. Trial times for five successive blocks (4 km cycling + 1.5 km running,) with the ingestion of neutral water (orange), cold water (blue) and ice-slurry (green). Mean ± SD. aNeutral water vs. ice-slurry/menthol (p < .05). bCold vs. ice-slurry/menthol (p < .05). β and † denote that block performance was affected by time period (β: p < .007) and the time period × drink temperature interaction (p < .004), respectively. Modified from [Citation72].

Figure 4. Trial times for five successive blocks (4 km cycling + 1.5 km running,) with the ingestion of neutral water (orange), cold water (blue) and ice-slurry (green). Mean ± SD. aNeutral water vs. ice-slurry/menthol (p < .05). bCold vs. ice-slurry/menthol (p < .05). β and † denote that block performance was affected by time period (β: p < .007) and the time period × drink temperature interaction (†p < .004), respectively. Modified from [Citation72].