Surface engineering in artificial heart valves

Figures & data

Figure 1. Valve designs over the ages.

Figure 2. Carbomedics valve. Valve ring and leaf made of Si-doped pyrolytic carbon [4].

Figure 3. Platelet adhesion on the different phases after 120 minutes under static conditions. Image reproduced without modification from [9].

Figure 4. Thrombin generation of fresh human platelets after a 1-hour exposure. Image reproduced without modification from [12].

Figure 5. Blood droplet falling/bouncing on a pyrolytic carbon (PyC) leaflet (top) and a PyC leaflet with a hierarchical coating (bottom) from a height of 10 mm. Image reproduced without modification from [16].

Figure 6. (a) SEM image of the micro-structured cobblestone surface structure of rabbit valve and (b) magnified image of a single cobblestone. Image reproduced without modification from [22] (c) Detailed heart valve structure. Image reproduced without modification from [17].

Figure 7. The four surface textures formed on occluders subjected to ultra-short pulse laser and their water contact angles. Image adapted from [23].

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