The effect of teacher-student and student-student relationships on the societal involvement of students

Figures & data

Table 1. Standardized effects of multilevel regression on societal involvement.

SOCIETAL INVOLVEMENT	VARIABLES	M0B(SE)	M1B(SE)	M2B(SE)	M3B(SE)	M4B(SE)	M5B(SE)
	Constant	.037 (.045)	−.172 (.041)	−.101 (.153)	−.097 (.151)	−.093 (.151)	−.095 (.158)
LEVEL 1	Gender student (ref = boy)
CONTROL	Girl		.309 (.029)	.302 (.029)	.302 (.029)	.301 (.029)	.299 (.029)
	Generational background (ref = native)
	Non-native		.320 (.048)	.317 (.050)	.337 (.049)	.335 (.049)	.320 (.049)
	Self-efficacy		.205 (.015)	.194 (.015)	.162 (.015)	.163 (.015)	.161 (.015)
PARENTS	Occupation (ref = no work)
	One parent works			−.184 (.102)	−.171 (.100)	−.167 (.101)	−.157 (.101)
	Both parents work			−.250 (.089)	−.240 (.088)	−.242 (.088)	−.230 (.088)
	Income (ref = lower)
	Middle			.013 (.038)	.015 (.037)	.016 (.037)	.015 (.037)
	High			.079 (.045)	.093 (.045)	.095 (.045)	.095 (.045)
	Education parents (ref = lower)
	Middle education			.010 (.041)	.010 (.041)	.008 (.041)	.009 (.041)
	Higher education			.169 (.044)	.182 (.044)	.181 (.044)	.177 (.043)
	Parenting: time home (ref = authoritarian)
	Permissive			.044 (.358)	.072 (.353)	.075 (.353)	.063 (.353)
	Authoritative			.110 (.060)	.101 (.060)	.101 (.059)	.104 (.059)
	Parenting: watch television programs (ref = authoritarian)
	Permissive			−.199 (.093)	−.178 (.091)	−.167 (.091)	−.174 (.091)
	Authoritative			−.032 (.089)	−.021 (.088)	−.016 (.088)	−.015 (.088)
	Parenting: homework autonomy (ref = authoritarian)
	Permissive			.008 (.104)	−.030 (.103)	−.035 (.102)	−.039 (.103)
	Authoritative			−.090 (.103)	−.108 (.102)	−.113 (.102)	−.116 (.102)
	Parenting: Internet/video games (ref = authoritarian)
	Permissive			.096 (.070)	.089 (.069)	.091 (.069)	.091 (.069)
	Authoritative			.085 (.063)	.077 (.062)	.076 (.062)	.075 (.062)
RELATIONSHIPS	Student-student relationships				.024 (.015)	.065 (.031)	.062 (.031)
	Teacher-student relationships				.143 (.015)	.089 (.030)	.089 (.030)
INTERACTION	Student-student relationships * education parents middle					−.041 (.045)	−.041 (.039)
	Student-student * education parents higher					−.063 (.044)	−.063 (.039)
	Teacher-student relationships * education parents middle					.039 (.044)	.040 (.038)
	Teacher-student relationships * education parents higher					.101 (.043)	.100 (.037)
SCHOOL LEVEL	School student-student relationships						.272 (.133)
	School teacher-student relationships						.098 (.118)
	Urbanization (ref = low)
	Average urbanization						−.009 (.061)
	High urbanization						.290 (.085)
	Denomination (ref = non-denominated)
	Denominated						−.077 (.060)
	ICC	9%
	$R_1^2$		9%	12%	14%	14%	16%
	$R_2^2$		7%	8%	18%	18%	18%

Parameters printed bold indicate significant effects with p < .05.

Table A1. Frequencies continuous variables.

Variable	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Dependent
Societal involvement	0	1	−3.071	2.642
Level 1 variables
Student-student relationships	0	1	−5.220	1.853
Teacher-student relationships	0	1	−4.144	3.494
Self-efficacy	0	1	−4.353	2.580
Level 2 variables
School student-student relationships	0	1	−.545	1.028
School teacher-student relationships	0	1	−.793	1.257

Table A2. frequencies of categorical variables per student.

	N	%
Gender
Male	2,099	50.2%
Female	2,084	49.8%
Generational background
Native	3,673	87.8%
Non-native	510	12.2%
Occupation
Neither parent works	127	3%
One parent works	272	6.5%
Both parents work	3784	90.5%
Income
Low	1,309	31.3%
Middle	1,703	40.7%
High	1,171	28%
Parents education
Low	1,814	43.3%
Medium	1,162	27.8%
High	1,207	28.9%
Parenting: time at home
Authoritarian	263	6.2%
Permissive	7	0.01%
Authoritative	3,913	93.4%
Parenting: television program
Authoritarian	131	3.1%
Permissive	1,351	32.3%
Authoritative	2,701	64.6%
Parenting: homework
Authoritarian	104	2.5%
Permissive	2,202	53.6%
Authoritative	1,877	44.9%
Parenting: Internet/video games
Authoritarian	172	4.1%
Permissive	1,109	26.5%
Authoritative	2,902	69.4%
Urbanization
Low	1,595	38.1%
Average	2,099	50.2%
High	489	11.7%
Denomination
Non-denomination	1,637	39.1%
Denomination	2,546	60.9%

Table A3. Correlations.

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1: Societal involvement	1	.18	.09	.21	.06	.05	−.04	.04	.01
2: teacher-student relationships	.18	1	.24	.21	−.03	.03	−.02	.06	.01
3: student-student relationships	.09	.24	1	.10	.01	−.01	−.03	.04	−.03
4: efficacy	.21	.21	.10	1	.03	.03	−.03	.01	−.04
5: income	.06	−.03	.01	.03	1	−.03	.07	.08	.06
6: parenting: time at home	.05	.03	−.01	.03	−.03	1	.09	.08	.17
7: parenting: television program	−04	−.02	−.03	−.03	.07	.09	1	.40	.42
8: parenting: homework	.04	.06	.04	.01	.08	.08	.40	1	.47
9: parenting: Internet/video games	.01	.01	−.03	−.04	.06	.17	.42	.47	1