How Neighbourhood Social Mix Shapes Access to Resources from Social Networks and from Services

Figures & data

Table 1 Linear regression models for contact with family and friends

	All		Poor only
	Family	Friends	Family	Friends
	Beta	Beta	Beta	Beta
Age (years)	− 0.51^*^*^*	− 0.78^*^*^*	− 0.60^*^*^*	− 0.60^*^*^*
Age (sqd/100)	0.50^*^*^*	0.68^*^*^*	0.54^*^*^*	0.41^*^*
Female	0.17^*^*^*	0.03^*	0.20^*^*^*	− 0.02
Ethnic minority	− 0.01	− 0.05^*^*^*	− 0.02	− 0.04
Limiting health prob./disability	− 0.01	− 0.05^*^*^*	− 0.08^*^*	− 0.10^*^*^*
Lone parent	0.06^*^*^*	0.01	0.06	0.04
Couple	0.08^*^*^*	− 0.03	− 0.03	0.04
3+Adult	0.00	− 0.02	0.01	0.03
Child 0–4	0.03^*	− 0.04^*	0.05	− 0.14^*^*^*
Child 5–10	− 0.02	0.02	0.02	− 0.03
Child 11+	0.01	0.00	− 0.03	0.00
Years lived at address	0.04^*^*	0.03^*	0.08^*^*	− 0.03
In employment	− 0.01	− 0.03	− 0.09^*^*	− 0.03
Student	− 0.05^*^*^*	0.07^*^*^*	− 0.13^*^*^*	0.03
Income (AHC, log)	− 0.03^*	− 0.01	0.02	− 0.01
Individual deprivation	− 0.06^*^*^*	− 0.12^*^*^*	− 0.08^*^*	− 0.13^*^*^*
Neighbourhood deprivation	0.04^*^*	− 0.03^*	0.04	0.02
R^2 (per cent)	5	5	11	8
N	7194	7181	1669	1668

Notes: Significance: ^*5 per cent; ^**1 per cent; ^***0.1 per cent.

Table 2 PSE-UK survey questions on sense of support

How much support would you get if…

• you were ill in bed and needed help at home? [HomeIll]

• you needed practical help around the home e.g. moving heavy furniture, DIY jobs? [Homejob]

• you needed advice about an important change in your life, e.g. changing jobs, moving to another area? [Advice]

• you were upset because of relationship problems or were feeling a bit depressed and needed someone to talk to? [RelProb]

• you needed someone to look after your home or possessions when away? [Things]

• you had a serious personal crisis and needed someone to turn to for comfort and support? [Crisis]

• you needed a lift somewhere in an emergency? [Lift]

Responses: a lot; some; not much; none at all.

Table 3 Linear regression models for sense of support

	All		Poor only
	1	2	1	2
	Beta	Beta	Beta	Beta
Age (years)	− 0.32^*^*^*	− 0.15^*	− 0.03	0.18
Age (sqd/100)	0.34^*^*^*	0.18^*	0.04	− 0.13
Female	0.06^*^*^*	0.02	0.04	0.00
Ethnic minority	− 0.08^*^*^*	− 0.07^*^*^*	− 0.10^*^*^*	− 0.09^*^*^*
Limiting health prob./disability	− 0.04^*^*	− 0.03^*^*	− 0.10^*^*^*	− 0.07^*^*
Lone parent	− 0.01	− 0.03^*	− 0.07^*	− 0.09^*^*
Couple	0.24^*^*^*	0.23^*^*^*	0.13^*^*^*	0.13^*^*^*
3+Adult	0.22^*^*^*	0.22^*^*^*	0.15^*^*^*	0.14^*^*^*
Child 0–4	− 0.03^*	− 0.03^*	0.00	0.01
Child 5–10	− 0.02	− 0.02	− 0.01	− 0.01
Child 11+	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.01
Years lived at address	0.03^*	0.02	0.06^*	0.04
In employment	0.05^*^*	0.05^*^*^*	0.06^*	0.08^*^*
Student	0.07^*^*^*	0.07^*^*^*	0.13^*^*^*	0.15^*^*^*
Income (AHC, log)	0.01	0.02	0.04	0.04
Individual deprivation	− 0.27^*^*^*	− 0.24^*^*^*	− 0.19^*^*^*	− 0.15^*^*^*
Neighbourhood deprivation	0.02	0.02	0.05^*	0.03
Family contact		0.21^*^*^*		0.23^*^*^*
Friends contact		0.09^*^*^*		0.13^*^*^*
R^2 (per cent)	18	23	15	23
N	6883		1587

Notes: Significance: ^*5 per cent; ^**1 per cent; ^***0.1 per cent.

Table 4 FRS survey questions on help received or given

[HelpRec] Some people receive financial or other types of help from their family or friends. Over the past 12 months [since date], have your family or friends helped you by…(READ OUT).

1. …buying or bringing you food or meals?

2. …paying towards bills (such as utility bills, rent or grocery bills (excluding food))?

3. …helping you to manage your money or deal with your benefits?

4. …helping with home repairs or decoration whether by paying for it or doing it for you?

5. …helping with household chores (such as cleaning, gardening) whether by paying for it or doing it for you?

6. …giving you lifts to places or paying for travel costs (such as taxi, train or bus fares)?

7. …paying for trips/holidays?

8. …buying or giving you clothes?

9. …buying clothes, toys or other equipment for your child(ren)

10. …buying a big electrical item like a cooker, boiler, fridge or washing machine?

11. Other help received

12. None of these

13. SPONTANEOUS—Not applicable has no family or friends

[HelpGvn] Some people give financial or other types of help to their family or friends. Over the past 12 months [since date], have you helped your family or friends by…(READ OUT)

[responses as above]

Table 5 Linear regression models for help received

	All		Poor only
	1	2	1	2
	Beta	Beta	Beta	Beta
Age (years)	− 0.43^*^*^*	− 0.37^*^*^*	− 0.51^*^*	− 0.46^*^*
Age (sqd/100)	0.29^*^*^*	0.22^*^*	0.36^*	0.32^*
Female (male)	0.01	− 0.01	0.02	0.00
Ethnic minority	− 0.09^*^*^*	− 0.09^*^*^*	− 0.12^*^*^*	− 0.11^*^*^*
Limiting health prob./disability	0.04^*^*^*	0.05^*^*^*	0.02	0.04
Lone parent	0.02	0.01	− 0.04	− 0.03
Couple	− 0.07^*^*^*	− 0.10^*^*^*	− 0.10^*^*	− 0.12^*^*
3+ Adult	− 0.06^*^*^*	− 0.08^*^*^*	− 0.01	− 0.03
Child 0–4	0.12^*^*^*	0.12^*^*^*	0.13^*^*^*	0.12^*^*^*
Child 5–10	0.03^*	0.03^*	0.06^*	0.06^*
Child 11+	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.06
Years lived at address	− 0.07^*^*^*	− 0.08^*^*^*	− 0.09^*^*	− 0.10^*^*^*
In employment	− 0.04^*^*	− 0.04^*^*	− 0.11^*^*^*	− 0.11^*^*^*
Student	0.06^*^*^*	0.06^*^*^*	0.05	0.04
Income (AHC, log)	− 0.04^*^*	− 0.04^*^*	0.00	− 0.01
Individual deprivation	0.19^*^*^*	0.22^*^*^*	0.06^*	0.09^*^*^*
Neighbourhood deprivation	0.02	0.02	− 0.02	− 0.03
Family contact		0.07^*^*^*		0.09^*^*
Friends contact		0.00		− 0.01
Sense of support		0.09^*^*^*		0.11^*^*^*
R^2 (per cent)	18	19	11	13
N	6883		1587

Notes: Significance: ^*5 per cent; ^**1 per cent; ^***0.1 per cent.

Figure 1 Path diagram for contact, support and help received. Notes: Figures on paths are standardised regression coefficients for whole population and, in square brackets, for ‘poor’ only. Solid arrow—positive relationship; dashed arrow—negative relationship. Thickness of arrow indicates approximate strength of relationship. ‘Individual deprivation’ is shown twice to reduce the number of crossing arrows.

Table 6 Linear regression models for help given

	All		Poor only
	1	2	1	2
	Beta	Beta	Beta	Beta
Age (years)	0.77^*^*^*	0.86^*^*^*	− 0.03	0.03
Age (sqd/100)	− 0.74^*^*^*	− 0.82^*^*^*	0.03	− 0.02
Female (male)	0.00	− 0.02^*	− 0.01	− 0.02
Ethnic min (not)	− 0.06^*^*^*	− 0.06^*^*^*	− 0.15^*^*^*	− 0.14^*^*^*
Health prob./disab. (no)	− 0.01	− 0.01	− 0.05	− 0.04
Lone parent (not)	0.02	0.01	− 0.06	− 0.06
Couple (single)	0.01	0.00	− 0.10^*	− 0.10^*
3+ Adult (single)	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.04
Child 0–4 (none)	0.01	0.00	0.06	0.06
Child 5–10 (none)	− 0.03^*	− 0.03^*	0.07^*	0.07^*
Child 11+ (none)	− 0.04^*^*	− 0.04^*^*	− 0.01	0.00
Years lived at addr.	− 0.03	− 0.03^*	− 0.05	− 0.05
In employment (not)	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.02
Student (not)	0.00	0.00	− 0.05	− 0.04
Income—log	0.11^*^*^*	0.11^*^*^*	− 0.01	− 0.01
Deprivation score	0.00	0.01	− 0.06^*	− 0.05
Nhd depvn score	− 0.07^*^*^*	− 0.07^*^*^*	− 0.06^*	− 0.07^*^*
Family network scale		0.11^*^*^*		0.06^*
Friends network scale		0.04^*^*^*		0.06^*
Sense of support		0.00		0.00
R^2 (per cent)	5	6	4	5
N	6883		1587

Notes: Significance: ^*5 per cent; ^**1 per cent; ^***0.1 per cent.

Table 7 Effects of neighbourhood deprivation on local service usage constraints

	All	Poor only
General services
Libraries	1.02^*^*^*	1.03^*^*^*
Public sports	1.00	0.99
Museums and galleries	0.99^*^*^*	0.98^*^*^*
Evening classes	1.00	1.00
Community hall	0.99^*^*^*	0.98^*^*
Doctor	0.99^*	0.99
Dentist	0.99^*^*	0.98^*^*
Optician	1.02^*^*^*	1.00
Post Office	0.99^*	0.99
Citizens’ advice	1.00	0.99^*
Chemist	1.00	0.98
Corner shop	0.99^*^*^*	0.98^*
Supermarket	0.99	0.98
Bank, building society	1.00	0.99
Pub	1.01^*^*^*	1.02^*
Bus services	0.98^*^*^*	0.98^*^*
Train/tube service	0.99^*	0.99
Children's services
Children's play	1.03^*^*^*	1.04^*^*^*
School meals	0.99	1.01
Youth clubs	1.02^*	1.01
After school club	0.98^*	0.97^*
School transport	0.99	1.00
Nursery	0.98	0.96^*
Older or disabled people's services
Home care	1.05^*^*	1.04
Meals on Wheels	1.01	0.96
Special transport	1.02	0.97
Day centres	1.02	1.02
Chiropodist	1.02	0.99

Notes: Table shows the impact of the continuous neighbourhood deprivation measure on the odds of facing service constraints (exponent of the regression coefficient, B). These are taken from 56 separate logistic regression models with the same controls as previous models including age, gender, ethnicity, health/disability constraints, household composition, and individual income and deprivation. Significance: ^* 5 per cent; ^** 1 per cent; ^*** 0.1 per cent.