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Abstract
This paper sheds light on the relationship between the social and tenure mix in Paris between 1990 and 2010. Using two quantitative methods (cluster analysis and entropy indices) it explores the relationship between the social and tenure mix at the microscale. Although no statistical correlation was found, other relationships were discovered. First, the social mix is a function of the general characteristics of the neighbourhood or district. Second, social upgrading and homogenization began in the 1990s, and the ‘ideal’ social mix was a temporary phase before upper socio-professional groups became overrepresented. The growing availability and diversification of social housing has neither created a greater social mix nor slowed down social upgrading, either in general or for social housing in particular. Finally, the fact that there are different categories of social housing landlords nuances the outcomes of policies.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on the earlier version of this paper.
Notes
1. Commune (municipality) is a level of administrative division in France.
2. Département is a level of administrative division in France between the 18 administrative regions and the commune.
3. PLAI—Prêt Locatif Aidé d’Insertion (Loan for Rental Housing to Support Insertion), is designed to foster integration through the construction of social housing for low-income families or those who find integration difficult.
PLUS—Prêt Locatif à Usage Social (Loan for Rental Housing to Support Social Aims), is the classic instrument used to finance social housing.
PLS—Prêt Locatif Social (Loan for Social Rental Housing), it is primarily used to finance rental property where the housing market is tight. Income requirements are 30per cent higher than for classic social housing.
PLI—Prêt Locatif Intermédiaire (Intermediate Rental Housing Loan), primarily used to finance housing in areas where the housing market was particularly tight. PLI housing does not benefit from the same tax advantages as social housing.
4. SA HLM Sociétés anonymes d'habitations à loyer modéré (Rent-controlled housing associations).
5. Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine (National Urban Renewal Programme).
6. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that the quality of social housing is usually poorer in these areas, and residents are therefore less interested in purchasing their dwelling.
7. Two-thirds of the members of this group hold an intermediate position between managers and executives, or blue- and white-collar workers. The remainder is intermediate in a figurative sense: they work in education, health and social services, and include teachers, nurses and social workers (definitions are from the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, INSEE). More than half of this group holds at least a bachelor’s degree.
8. Accommodation provided by an employer, the family, another physical or moral person, or is due to the sale of a life annuity.
9. IRIS is an acronym for ‘aggregated units for statistical information’, and refers to the target size of 2000 residents per basic unit. There are three types of units categorized according to their function: residential (habitat), business (activité) and other (divers).
10.
where.
Pij—represents the population i in spatial unit j.
Pj—represents the population in all groups (from 1 to n) in spatial unit j.
n—represents the number of groups.
11. As farmers constituted less than 0.1per cent of the sample they were excluded from the analysis. The remaining groups were aggregated on the basis of their correlation coefficients.
12. Répertoire du parc locatif social (RPLS).
13. In 2013, they constituted around 9per cent of privately rented dwellings in Paris.
14. Rent-controlled social housing constructed mainly by public institutions (Habitation à Bon Marché).
15. Between 2006 and 2012 around 1600 social dwellings in Paris were created by such operations (APUR, Citation2014a).
16. In 2010, persons aged 15–44 made up 49per cent of the population in areas that changed, and 42per cent in those that remained ‘upper ageing’.
17. These objectives were reinforced and refined in the Local Programme for Housing in Paris Citation2011–2016. The aim was to provide more PLS accommodation in areas with an overrepresentation (>25per cent) of standard social housing and prioritize the construction of PLAI and PLUS accommodation in districts that lacked social housing.
18. In particular, the Revenu minimum d’insertion (RMI) that is paid to people of working age who have not yet earned the right to unemployment benefits.