Insecure tenure in Amsterdam: who rents with a temporary lease, and why? A baseline from 2015

Figures & data

Table 1. Dutch and Amsterdam housing market (2015).

	The Netherlands^a		Amsterdam^b
Population	16,900,726		822272
Occupied dwellings	7,211,229		417100
Owner-occupation	4,119,362	57.4%	127500	30.6%
Renting	3,244,238	42.6%	289600	69.4%

Sources: ^aStatistics Netherlands (2019a, 2019e); ^bRIS (2016, p. 19), Municipality of Amsterdam & AFWC (2016).

Table 2. Long-established forms of tenure Amsterdam housing sector (2015).

	Landlord	Net monthly cost	Entry conditions	Security	Share of market^a
Owner-occupation		Aver. 820 euro^b	Affluent enough to obtain mortgage (approx. 50,000 euro gross a year)^c	Good	30.6%
Permanent rent
Regulated rent
	Housing corporation	400–710 euro^d	> 8 years on waiting list, income < 34,911 euro gross a year^e	Good	42.9%
	Private landlord	400–710 euro^f	Discretionary freedom of landlord	Good	14.5%
Unregulated rent
	Housing corporation	710–1000 euro^d	Discretionary freedom of landlord, affluent enough to pay free-market rent	Good	2.7%
	Private landlord	710–1500 euro^g	Discretionary freedom of landlord affluent enough to pay free-market rent	Good	9.4%
Irregular housing options
Subletting	Tenant	400–1500 euro	Informal social network	Non-existent	–
Squatting	n/a	low	Willing and able to break law	Low	–

Sources: ^aMunicipality of Amsterdam & AFWC (2016); ^bWoon (2019b); ^cNibud (2015); ^dAFWC (2016, p. 12); ^eWoonbond (2014); ^fMunicipality of Amsterdam (2015); ^gMunicipality of Amsterdam (2016a).

Table 3. Forms of tenure introduced since 1997 Amsterdam housing sector (2015).

	Landlord	Net monthly cost	Entry conditions	Security
Campus contract
Shared	Only housing corporations	200–400 euro^a	Local college fee paying student, 1 year on waiting list + cooptation system	Contract ends when no longer fee-paying student
Non-shared	Only housing corporations	400–590 euro^a,b	Local college fee paying student, 3 years on waiting list
Youth contract
	Only housing corporations	Approx. 400 euro^c	Age between 18–22, no children, not for students, 4 years on waiting list^d,e	Contract ends at age 26
Temporary rent based on Law on Vacancies
	Housing corporation or private landlord	400–1500 euro	Discretionary freedom of landlord	Contract ends after 1/2/5 years
Anti-squat
	Agency, housing corporation or private landlord	80–235 euro^f	Discretionary freedom of landlord + cooptation systems, no children, willing to live in non-housing	Non-existent: notice to quit within 14 days

Sources: ^aDuwo (2016, p. 20); ^bAFWC (2016, p. 13); ^cStadgenoot (2013, p. 53–54); ^dVan der Tol (2016); ^eSchouten (2014); ^fVan Eijck & Naas (2014).

Table 4. Descriptive statistics: Who has which tenure in Amsterdam.

Variable	Sample count	Sample percentage	Temporary lease percentage	Permanent lease percentage	Home-ownership percentage
Total sample	17,803	100.0	4.4	54.8	40.8
Gender
Female	8648	48.6	5.2	58.7	36.2
Male	9155	51.4	3.7	51.1	45.2
Age
18–23 years	451	2.5	52.3	38.6	9.1
24–29 years	1304	7.3	22.0	50.6	27.4
30–39 years	3189	17.9	4.7	47.3	48.0
40–49 years	3235	18.2	1.9	46.9	51.2
50–95 years	9624	54.1	0.5	61.2	38.2
Currently fulltime in higher education
Yes	905	5.1	40.0	38.6	21.4
No	16,898	94.9	2.5	55.6	41.8
Level of education
Lower education	3729	20.9	1.6	83.9	14.6
Middle education	3230	18.1	6.3	61.2	32.5
Higher education	10,126	56.9	4.9	40.4	54.8
No answer	718	4.0	4.6	78.0	17.4
International migration background
No migration background	11,383	63.9	4.0	48.7	47.3
Western migration background	2637	14.8	6.4	49.4	44.2
Non-Western migration background	3783	21.2	4.4	76.7	18.9
Household composition
One-person household	8140	45.7	5.5	62.4	32.1
Couple without children	4793	26.9	3.9	45.2	50.9
Couple with children	3212	18.0	1.6	42.1	56.3
Single parent	1152	6.5	1.7	72.2	26.0
Sharing with others	506	2.8	16.4	63.6	20.0
Main source of income
Employed	8187	46.0	4.8	43.6	51.5
Self-employed	2295	12.9	3.0	40.7	56.4
Transfers	6140	34.5	4.8	71.2	24.0
No answer	1181	6.6	2.7	74.0	23.3
Household income
Low income	5962	33.5	6.6	76.2	17.2
Middle income	2351	13.2	2.5	47.0	50.5
High income	5228	29.4	2.6	26.5	71.0
No answer	4262	23.9	4.7	63.8	31.4
Reason for moving: rental contract terminated
Yes	579	3.3	17.6	54.1	28.3
No	17,224	96.7	4.0	54.8	41.2
Reason for moving: home was too expensive
Yes	451	2.5	9.3	51.7	39.0
No	17,352	97.5	4.3	54.9	40.8
Location previous home
Amsterdam/ never moved	14,132	79.4	3.1	56.1	40.8
Elsewhere in the Netherlands	2863	16.1	8.3	45.8	45.9
Abroad	539	3.0	18.0	59.2	22.8
No answer	269	1.5	3.0	72.9	24.2

Table 5. Multinominal logistic regression: predicting the likelihood of temporary leases in Amsterdam.

		Model 1 students included
	Temporary lease			Home-ownership
Predictor	B	SE	Odds ratio	B	SE	Odds ratio
(Intercept)	1.372	0.279		−2.389	0.113
Gender: Female	−0.248***	0.091	0.780	−0.162***	0.038	0.850
Age	−0.106***	0.005	0.900	0.013***	0.002	1.013
Currently fulltime in education	1.336***	0.124	3.805	−0.014	0.108	0.987
Level of education (ref: lower education)
Middle education	−0.183	0.183	0.833	0.867***	0.067	2.381
Higher education	0.157	0.169	1.170	1.351***	0.059	3.860
No answer	0.165	0.268	1.180	0.193*	0.116	1.213
International migration background (ref: no)
Western migration background	0.549***	0.121	1.731	−0.098*	0.052	0.906
Non-Western migration background	0.117	0.120	1.124	−0.791***	0.055	0.453
Household composition (ref: one-person household)
Couple without children	−0.077	0.117	0.926	0.127**	0.048	1.135
Couple with children	−0.666***	0.170	0.514	0.434***	0.058	1.544
Single parent	−0.868***	0.249	0.420	−0.127	0.085	0.881
Sharing with others	−0.444***	0.163	0.642	−0.705***	0.131	0.494
Main source of income (ref: employed)
Self-employed	0.146	0.150	1.157	0.023	0.056	1.023
Transfers	0.113	0.111	1.120	−0.804***	0.054	0.448
No answer	−0.085	0.220	0.918	−0.677***	0.086	0.508
Household income (ref: low income)
Middle income	−0.333**	0.163	0.716	1.152***	0.058	3.166
High income	0.082	0.137	1.086	1.754***	0.056	5.776
No answer	−0.146	0.114	0.864	0.807***	0.053	2.241
Reason for moving: rental contract terminated	0.612***	0.145	1.845	−0.643***	0.110	0.525
Reason for moving: home was too expensive	1.040***	0.212	2.829	0.070	0.117	1.072
Location previous home (ref: Amsterdam/ never moved)
Elsewhere in the Netherlands	0.249**	0.107	1.283	0.125**	0.050	1.133
Abroad	1.062***	0.164	2.893	−1.001***	0.122	0.368
No answer	0.451	0.417	1.570	−0.330**	0.166	0.719

Notes: model 1: n = 17,803 model 2: n = 16,898.

* p < .10; **p < .05; ***p < .01, the reference category is permanent lease.

Table 6. Multinominal logistic regression: predicting the likelihood of temporary leases in Amsterdam.

		Model 2 students excluded
	Temporary lease			Home-ownership
Predictor	B	SE	Odds ratio	B	SE	Odds ratio
(Intercept)	0.675	0.306		−2.355	0.116
Gender: Female	−0.179	0.109	0.836	−0.169***	0.002	0.845
Age	−0.097***	0.005	0.908	0.012***	0.039	1.012
Level of education (ref: lower education)
Middle education	−0.357*	0.209	0.700	0.849***	0.067	2.338
Higher education	0.230	0.178	1.258	1.357***	0.060	3.884
No answer	0.254	0.278	1.290	0.180	0.117	1.197
International migration background (ref: no)
Western migration background	0.610***	0.135	1.840	−0.104 **	0.053	.901
Non-Western migration background	0.195	0.143	1.216	−0.812***	0.057	.444
Household composition (ref: one-person household)
Couple without children	0.223	0.137	1.250	0.130***	0.049	1.139
Couple with children	−0.388**	0.178	0.679	0.449***	0.059	1.567
Single parent	−0.497**	0.253	0.608	−0.111	0.086	0.895
Sharing with others	0.146	0.227	1.158	−0.704***	0.144	0.495
Main source of income (ref: employed)
Self-employed	0.140	0.163	1.151	0.022	0.057	1.022
Transfers	0.091	0.156	1.095	−0.792***	0.056	0.453
No answer	0.143	0.227	1.154	−0.679***	0.087	0.507
Household income (ref: low income)
Middle income	−0.061	0.178	0.941	1.160***	0.059	3.190
High income	0.178	0.154	1.195	1.770***	0.057	5.868
No answer	0.010	0.147	1.010	0.836***	0.055	2.308
Reason for moving: rental contract terminated	0.738***	0.168	2.091	−0.703***	0.115	0.495
Reason for moving: home was too expensive	1.180***	0.228	3.256	0.081	0.119	1.084
Location previous home (ref: Amsterdam/ never moved)
Elsewhere in the Netherlands	0.215	0.139	1.239	0.120**	0.052	1.128
Abroad	1.061***	0.178	2.891	−1.054***	0.125	0.349
No answer	0.381	0.441	1.464	−0.352**	0.167	0.703

Notes: model 1: n = 17,803 model 2: n = 16,898.

* p < .10; **p < .05; ***p < .01, the reference category is permanent lease.

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