Measuring housing well-being of disaster affected persons in Chennai (India)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Graphical representation of household housing well-being using SWB and capability approaches.

Table 1. Details of sample.

Name of resettlement site	Number of families surveyed
Kannagi Nagar	150
Ezhil Nagar	158
Perumbakkam	150

Table 2. Indicators and descriptive statistics.

Functionings	Survey questions	Indicators	Mean	Std. Deviation
Control over one’s environment: Be able to improve the physical attributes of the house as per one’s likings and needs	Annual income of main earner (Rupees)	Income of household head	7248.95	5169.21
Control over ones’ environment: Be able to improve the physical attributes of the house as per one’s likings and needs	Annual income of other members of household (Rupees)	Income of other members	1990.46	4175.78
Control over ones’ environment: Be able to improve the physical attributes of the house as per one’s likings and needs		Savings as share of income	1.12	3.22
Living comfortably in a home	Area in square feet	Area of house	290.91	108.15
Living comfortably in a home	Number of married couples living in house	Number of couples	0.82	0.52
Living comfortably in a home	Distance in Km from previous location	Distance from previous location	16.06	12.87
Self-identity in familial identity and status	Location of unit—If Ezhil Nagar = 1; Otherwise = 0 (Perumbakkam is base)	Dummy for Ezhil Nagar	0.35	0.48
Self-identity in familial identity and status	Location of unit—If Kannagi Nagar = 1; Otherwise = 0 (Perumbakkam is base)	Dummy for Kannagi Nagar	0.33	0.47
Disaster resilience and preparedness: Security of physical space	What was the extent of damage due to disaster? Damage to structure and household stuff = 1; Otherwise = 0.	Partial of full damage	0.38	0.49
Financial stress	Employment status; Employed = 1; Otherwise =0	Employment Status Present	0.71	0.45
Financial stress	If self-employed = 1; Otherwise = 0	Type of employment—Self employed	0.17	0.37
Financial stress	If employed in skilled job = 1; Otherwise =0	Type of employment- Skilled	0.13	0.34
Financial stress	If employed in unskilled job = 1; Otherwise = 0	Type of Employment- Unskilled	0.28	0.45
Financial stress	Satisfaction level in current job 1= very dissatisfied; 2= Moderately dissatisfied; 3= Neutral; 4= Moderately satisfied; 5= Very satisfied	Satisfaction with current employment If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.28	0.45
Psychological wellbeing	How do you rank your health status? 1= very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = neutral; 4= good; 5 = very good	Status of health If 4 or 5 = 1; otherwise =0	0.52	0.50
Psychological wellbeing	How much fear/anxiety do you feel about the following—disaster including flood/tsunami? 1= Extremely fearful; 2= Very fearful; 3= Moderately fearful; 4= A little fearful; 5 = Not at all fearful.	Fear of disasters including flood/tsunami If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.16	0.37
Psychological wellbeing	How much fear/anxiety do you feel about the following—loss of income/employment? 1= Extremely fearful; 2= Very fearful; 3= Moderately fearful; 4= A little fearful; 5 = Not at all fearful.	Fear of loss of income/employment If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.17	0.37
Psychological wellbeing	How much fear/anxiety do you feel about the following—loss of assets/house? 1= Extremely fearful; 2= Very fearful; 3= Moderately fearful; 4= A little fearful; 5 = Not at all fearful.	Fear of loss of assets/house If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.209	0.407
Affiliation: Being able to live with others	Number of members of household	Household size	3.20	1.35
Affiliation: Being able to live towards others	How satisfied are you in the current situation on presence of informal / social support system for children e.g. childcare facilities, child friendly space? 1= very dissatisfied; 2= Moderately dissatisfied; 3= Neutral; 4= Moderately satisfied; 5= Very satisfied	Satisfaction with informal / social support system for children If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.18	0.39
Affiliation: Being able to live towards others	How would you rate the overall physical safety of everyone in the current neighbourhood? 1= very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = neutral; 4= good; 5 = very good	Physical safety of everyone in neighbourhood If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.35	0.48
Affiliation: Being able to live towards others	How satisfied are you with the income of other HH members before relocation? 1= very dissatisfied; 2= Moderately dissatisfied; 3= Neutral; 4= Moderately satisfied; 5= Very satisfied	Satisfaction with income of other household members If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.19	0.39
Affiliation: Being able to live towards others Social equity and empowerment for female	How would you rate the overall physical safety of women inside the house? 1= very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = neutral; 4= good; 5 = very good	Physical safety of women inside house If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.53	0.50
Social equity and empowerment for female	How satisfied are you with the personal safety for females on roads, at bus stops, in public transports? 1= very dissatisfied; 2= Moderately dissatisfied; 3= Neutral; 4= Moderately satisfied; 5= Very satisfied	Satisfaction with safety of women on road, bus stops and public transport If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.22	0.42
Familial wellbeing: Building interpersonal relationship	Have you been as a household Visiting friends and family within city? If Yes = 1; Otherwise = 0	Have you been as a household Visiting friends and family within city?	0.69	0.46
Disaster resilience and preparedness: Security of physical space	What level of satisfaction are you with the protection from disaster? 1= very dissatisfied; 2= Moderately dissatisfied; 3= Neutral; 4= Moderately satisfied; 5= Very satisfied	Satisfaction with protection from disasters If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.24	0.43
Personal trait and experience	Currently, suffering can lead to personal growth 1= almost never true; 2= rarely true; 3 = occasionally true; 4 = usually true; 5 = almost always true	Optimism If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.55	0.50
Personality trait and experience	Currently, in taking actions, I put priority on others rather than myself. 1= almost never true; 2= rarely true; 3 = occasionally true; 4 = usually true; 5 = almost always true	Empathetic 1 If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.583	0.494
Personality trait and experience	Currently, I put greater importance on my family, friends and acquaintances than on my job. 1= almost never true; 2= rarely true; 3 = occasionally true; 4 = usually true; 5 = almost always true	Empathetic 2 If 4 or 5 = 1; Otherwise =0	0.546	0.498
Personality trait and experience	What is the type of disaster, encountered by the household? If natural disaster = 1; Otherwise = 0 (Base = those who have not experienced disaster)	Encounter with natural disaster like flood, tsunami, etc.	0.56	0.50
Personality trait and experience	What is the type of disaster, encountered by the household? If man caused disaster = 1; otherwise =0 (Base = those who have not experienced disaster)	Encounter with man-caused disaster like fire, crime, forced eviction, etc.	0.32	0.47

Figure 2. Local of slums and resettlement colonies in Chennai.

Table 3. Multinomial logistic estimate of housing wellbeing function (base Category =2).

	MNL Estimate
Indicators	Coefficient Category = 3	Coefficient Category = 4	Coefficient Category = 5	OLS Estimate
Intercept	1.866 (3.087)	−5.466 (10.052)	−9.335 (11.729)	2.519 (12.334)
Encounter with natural disaster like flood, tsunami, etc.	−1.335 (8.845)	−0.957 (1.979)	−3.702 (6.817)	−0.244 (-2.587)
Encounter with man-caused disaster like fire, crime, forced eviction, etc.	−1.0 (3.765)	−0.912 (1.422)	−2.381 (2.006)	−0.110 (-1.004)
Household size	−0.262 (3.306)	0.12 (0.347)	−0.822 (5.588)	−0.03 (-1.066)
Number of couples	0.504 (2.355)	−0.231 (0.218)	1.304 (1.966)	0.047 (0.686)
Dummy for Ezhil Nagar	−1.513 (7.056)	−2.01 (6.666)	−2.369 (4.011)	−0.214 (-2.20)
Dummy for Kannagi Nagar	−0.468 (0.47)	1.45 (2.296)	0.745 (0.174)	0.001 (0.007)
Distance from previous location (km)	−0.002 (0.024)	−0.028 (1.122)	−0.147 (6.615)	0.001 (0.233)
Partial of full damage	−0.868 (5.369)	−1.47 (6.998)	1.619 (2.34)	−0.03 (-0.41)
Employment Status Present	0.669 (1.503)	1.455 (5.135)	2.314 (7.066)	0.23 (2.78)
Status of health	1.229 (7.566)	1.992 (11.063)	0.965 (1.136)	0.089 (1.13)
Fear of disasters including flood/tsunami	1.16 (0.901)	1.636 (1.614)	1.239 (0.723)	0.155 (1.525)
Have you been as a household Visiting friends and family within city?	−0.144 (0.126)	−0.297 (0.317)	0.871 (1.022)	−0.046 (-0.645)
Satisfaction with informal / social support system for children	−1.006 (2.07)	−0.221 (0.08)	0.412 (0.199)	0.269 (2.90)
Physical safety of women inside house	0.291 (0.499)	0.851 (2.085)	3.304 (9.645)	0.236 (2.92)
Physical safety of everyone in neighbourhood	1.109 (3.782)	1.816 (7.475)	2.375 (7.253)	0.257 (3.174)
Area of house	0.005 (7.132)	0.016 (25.633)	0.017 (12.718)	0.001 (3.91)
Satisfaction with safety of women on road, bus stops and public transport	0.612 (0.747)	1.278 (2.589)	3.372 (10.326)	0.347 (3.84)
Satisfaction with protection from disasters	2.041 (5.015)	2.582 (6.914)	1.163 (0.98)	0.208 (2.29)
Savings as share of income	−0.047 (0.622)	−0.038 (0.263)	−0.114 (0.411)	−0.006 (-0.62)
Fear of loss of assets/house	2.612 (8.834)	2.675 (7.525)	2.293 (2.907)	0.062 (0.65)
Satisfaction with income of other household members	0.369 (0.218)	1.621 (3.43)	4.193 (10.283)	0.152 (1.47)
Total household income	−0.001 (0.002)	−0.022 (0.402)	−0.046 (0.747)	−0.006 (-1.27)
Empathetic 1	−1.265 (2.586)	−1.239 (1.884)	−0.65 (0.241)	0.038 (0.34)
Empathetic 2	−0.789 (1.401)	−0.855 (1.101)	−1.099 (1.018)	−0.099 (-0.91)
Optimism	1.958 (6.322)	1.659 (3.332)	4.121 (8.614)	0.154 (1.43)
R-square	Cox and Snell: 0.599 Nagelkerke: 0.67 McFadden: 0.408			0.44

Note: For MNL estimate, figures in brackets are Wald statistics, and for OLS, these are t-values.