Thinking patterns, victimisation and bullying among adolescents in a South Australian metropolitan secondary school

Figures & data

Table 1 HIT questionnaire summary and scale scores for the study sample compared with Barriga et al.'s (2001) normative sample.

	Study sample		Barriga et al.'s normative sample
Scale	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
Overall HIT summary score (HIT)	2.85	0.80	2.39	0.69
Overt summary score (OV)	2.90	0.81	2.44	0.71
Covert summary score (COV)	2.83	0.89	2.34	0.74
Self-centred (SC)	2.72	0.90	2.42	0.74
Blaming others (BO)	2.92	0.87	2.42	0.79
Minimising/mislabelling (MM)	2.76	0.92	2.31	0.78
Assuming the worst (AW)	2.90	0.86	2.35	0.72
Opposition/defiance (OD)	3.00	0.80	2.55	0.72
Physical aggression (PA)	2.79	0.93	2.32	0.78
Lying (L)	3.26	0.97	2.69	0.83
Stealing (S)	2.40	0.95	2.02	0.75

Table 2 Fiftieth percentile scores of the study sample compared with the normative sample.

	Summary scores			Cognitive distortions				Behavioural referents
	HIT	OV	COV	SC	BO	MM	AW	OD	PA	L	S
Study sample	2.79	2.90	2.77	2.67	2.90	2.67	2.82	2.95	2.80	3.25	2.33
Normative sample	2.36	2.39	2.31	2.33	2.30	2.22	2.27	2.47	2.15	2.59	1.91

Note: HIT, overall HIT summary score; OV, overt summary score; COV, covert summary score; SC, self-centred; BO, blaming others; MM, minimising/mislabelling; AW, assuming the worst; OD, opposition/defiance; PA, physical aggression; L, lying; S, stealing.

Table 3 Gender differences on HIT summary and scale scores.

	Gender	Mean	Standard deviation	Effect size (r)	p value
Overall HIT score	Male	2.97	0.73	0.18	< 0.01
	Female	2.68	0.81
Overt summary score	Male	3.02	0.73	0.16	< 0.01
	Female	2.73	0.82
Covert summary score	Male	2.95	0.85	0.18	< 0.01
	Female	2.67	0.89
Self-centred	Male	2.82	0.84	0.14	ns
	Female	2.58	0.92
Blaming others	Male	3.05	0.77	0.18	< 0.01
	Female	2.75	0.90
Minimising/mislabelling	Male	2.91	0.88	0.19	< 0.01
	Female	2.56	0.89
Assuming the worst	Male	3.01	0.81	0.17	< 0.01
	Female	2.74	0.82
Opposition/defiance	Male	3.08	0.76	0.13	ns
	Female	2.88	0.79
Physical aggression	Male	2.96	0.81	0.21	< 0.01
	Female	2.57	0.96
Lying	Male	3.35	0.89	0.11	ns
	Female	3.15	1.03
Stealing	Male	2.55	0.93	0.19	< 0.01
	Female	2.20	0.90

Note: ns, not significant.

Figure 1 Types of victimisation experienced ‘sometimes’ or more often by males and females. Note: **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.

Figure 2 Types of bullying used by males and females ‘sometimes’ or more often to bully other students.Note: *p < 0.05.

Table 4 Bully status and percentages in clinical range on HIT questionnaire summary scores and scale scores.

	Bullies (%)	Victims (%)	Bully-victims (%)	Not involved (%)	Significance level	Effect size (Cramer's V)
Overall HIT summary score	62.5	33.3	59.6	27.5	< 0.0001	0.24
Overt summary score	75.0	40.7	63.2	23.7	< 0.0001	0.26
Covert summary score	50.0	25.9	57.9	26.7	< 0.001	0.22
Self-centred	50.0	24.1	49.1	16.8	< 0.0001	0.25
Blaming others	37.5	33.3	56.1	26.0	< 0.01	0.20
Minimising/mislabelling	75.0	31.5	57.9	29.8	< 0.01	0.21
Assuming the worst	75.0	53.7	70.2	29.8	< 0.0001	0.26
Opposition/defiance	62.5	33.3	63.2	21.4	< 0.0001	0.26
Physical aggression	62.5	33.3	59.6	27.5	< 0.001	0.22
Lying	37.5	33.3	54.4	35.1		0.14
Stealing	75	24.1	59.6	31.3	< 0.0001	0.22