A review of research on cyber-bullying in Greece

Figures & data

Table 1 Published studies on cyber-bullying in Greece.

Author (year)	Sample	Measures	Findings
SAFE NET HOME (2005)	450 students, age unspecified	Unspecified	54% of the total sample had been cyber-victimised, 50% knew someone who had been cyber-bullied. More than 40% of the participants claimed not knowing the perpetrator.
Kapatzia & Sygkollitou (2008)	544 high school students from the area of Thessaloniki	The Cyber-bullying Questionnaire (Smith et al., 2006)	Cyber-victimisation was higher than traditional victimisation, whereas cyber and traditional bullying rates were similar. Cyber-victimisation occurred to 20.5% of the sample and cyber-bullying to 15.2%, but the perpetrator was usually unknown to the victim. Boys were more likely to use cell phones in cyber-bullying incidences, while girls the Internet. An increased awareness of the phenomenon was reported among youngsters.
The Adolescent Health Unit (2007) (in Tripodaki et al., 2008)	900 adolescents (mean age = 15)	Unspecified	2% had participated in cyber-bullying/victimisation incidences
The Adolescent Health Unit (2008) (in Tripodaki et al., 2008)	Adolescent population in Athens	Unspecified	5.8% of the sample were victims of cyber-bullying
The Committee of Social Policy of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (2008) (Gountsidou, 2008, in Sygkollitou et al., 2010)	194 freshmen University students	The Cyber-bullying Questionnaire (Smith et al., 2006).	Low frequency of cyber-victimisation and cyber-bullying. Female students were more likely to be cyber-victims, whereas males cyber-bullies. The most common means of cyber-bullying were chat rooms, social network sites and instant messaging services.
Siomos et al. (2009, in Fisoun, 2011)	1.221 adolescents, aged 15–18 years	Constructed for the purposes of the study	14.5% of the students had been victims of cyber-bullying.
Siomos et al. (2011, in Fisoun, 2011)	Follow-up of Siomos et al. (2009)	Constructed for the purposes of the study	Cyber-victimisation increase (28.3%). 14.6% cyber-bullies.
Tsorbatzoudis & Angelakopoulos (2012) (Daphne III)	997 pupils from 22 secondary schools in different regions of Greece	The questionnaire derived from a previous Daphne project on traditional and cyber-bullying (Daphne II: Brighi, Guarini, & Genta, 2009), enriched with new items.	The prevalence of cyber-bullying incidents was close to 10%. Insulting, offensive messages and rumour spreading were the most common acts of cyber-bullying/victimisation, as well as experiencing hacker attacks to personal information.
Lazuras & Ourda (2012) (Daphne III)	125 secondary school students from Athens	Unspecified	Only affective empathy predicted cyber-bullying intentions. This effect was fully mediated by self-efficacy beliefs.
Lazouras et al. (2013)	355 adolescents from Athens and Thessaloniki	Expectations to engage in cyber-bullying: using the mean of three items reflecting the likelihood/expectation to engage in cyber-bullying.	Social norms, prototype similarity and situational self-efficacy predicted cyber-bullying expectations, while normative influences mediated the effects of moral disengagement and affective empathy on cyber-bullying expectations.
Kokkinos et al. (2013)	300 elementary school students	Cyber-bullying and cyber-victimisation experiences questionnaire (CBCVEQ; Antoniadou & Kokkinos, 2011)	Cyber-bully/victims, the most common participant role, were less agreeable and conscientious, had high neuroticism scores and tended to use maladaptive coping strategies. Cyber-bullying was predicted by gender (boys), low consciousness and maladaptive coping, and cyber-victimisation by aggression, situation control and passive avoidance.
Kokkinos and Antoniadou (2013a, 2013b)	10–18-year-old students	(CBCVEQ; Antoniadou & Kokkinos, 2011)	Results indicate a significant overlap between cyber- and traditional bullying. Regression analysis indicated several similar intra-individual characteristics of cyber and traditional bullies, but different predictors for traditional and cyber victimisation.
Kokkinos and Antoniadou (2013a, 2013b)	430 students from four University departments in Greece	(CBCVEQ; Antoniadou & Kokkinos, 2011)	58.4% of the sample had participated in a cyber-bullying incident assuming any role. Cyber-bully/victims, the most common participant role, scored significantly higher on anxiety, depression, hostility and interpersonal sensitivity symptoms and on all psychopathic traits. Both cyber-bullying and cyber-victimisation were significantly predicted by gender (boys), depression, grandiosity and callousness–unemotionality, in addition to insecure attachment only in the case of cyber-bullying.

KapatziaK., & SygkollitouE. (2008). Cyberbullying in middle and high schools: Prevalence, gender and age differences (Unpublished master's thesis). Department of Psychology, Aristotle University.

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SygkollitouE., PsaltiA., & KapatziaA. (2010). Cyberbullying among Greek adolescents. In J. A.Mora-Merchán & T.Jäger (Eds.), Cyberbullying – A cross-national comparison (pp. 101–113). Landau, Germany: Verlag Empirische Pädagogik.

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FisounV. (2011, April). Διαδικτυακή παρϵνόχληση και μαθητές δϵυτϵρoβάθμιας ϵκπαίδϵυσης- τα απoτϵλέσματα τoυ ϵρϵυνητικoύ πρoγράμματoς ‘Hippocrates 2010’ [Internet harassment and high school students – Findings from the research program ‘Hippocrates 2010’]. Paper presented at the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Hellenic Association for the Study of Internet Addiction Disorder, Thessaloniki, Greece.

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TsorbatzoudisH., & AngelakopoulosG. (2012). Descriptive data on cyberbullying prevalence in schools across Greece. In H.Tsarbatzoudis, L.Lazuras & V.Barkoukis (Eds.), Cyber-bullying in Greece: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 29–39). Thessaloniki: City Publish.

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BrighiA., GuariniA., & GentaM. L. (2009). Bullying in the digital age. In M. L.Genta, A.Brighi & A.Guarini (Eds.), Bullying and cyberbullying in adolescence (pp. 14–39). Roma: Carocci.

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LazurasL., & OurdaD. (2012). Cyberbullying in adolescence. A social-cognitive study. In L.Lazuras & V.Barkoukis (Eds.), Cyber-bullying in Greece: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 41–44). Thessaloniki: City Publish.

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LazourasL., BarkoukisV., OurdaD., & TsorbatzoudisH. (2013). A process model of cyberbullying in adolescence. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 881–887.

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KokkinosC. M., AntoniadouN., DalaraE., KoufogazouA., & PapatzikiA. (2013). Cyber-bullying, personality and coping among pre-adolescents. Manuscript submitted for publication.

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AntoniadouN., & KokkinosC. M. (2011). Cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization experiences questionnaire (CBCVEQ). Unpublished questionnaire.

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KokkinosC. M., & AntoniadouN. (2013a). Cyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of University student participants. Manuscript submitted for publication.

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KokkinosC. M., & AntoniadouN. (2013b). Cyber and traditional bullying: Examining possible common correlates. Manuscript submitted for publication.

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