Educational contributions to students’ belongingness to the society, neighbourhood, school and family

Figures & data

Table 1. Means and standard deviations.

Variable	Scoring	M	SD
Female (no, yes)	0, 100	40.0	49.1
Age	years	15.4	1.7
Education	years	8.8	0.6
Residency	years	12.6	17.6
Father’s education	years	8.8	4.1
Mother’s education	years	8.1	4.4
Academic achievement	0–100	60.5	18.5
Belongingness to society	0–100	58.8	16.7
Belongingness to the neighbourhood	0–100	54.2	20.5
Belongingness to school	0–100	58.9	18.7
Belongingness to the family	0–100	77.3	23.4

Table 2. Standardized loadings on four traits factors and one method factor.

Factor/indicator	Trait	Method
Belongingness to society
I am very interested in issues, events or affairs concerning Hong Kong	.337	.312
I have a strong positive feeling about being Hongkongese	.547	.327
I have a strong sense of belonging to Hong Kong	.664	.340
I feel a strong attachment towards my own ethnic group	.504	.368
I am active in organizations or social groups that include mostly people of my own ethnic group	.469	.351
I find it easy to make friends with Hongkongese who are not of my own ethnic group	.444	.296
Belongingness to the neighbourhood
I feel like I belong to the neighbourhood	.555	.374
I feel loyal to the people in my neighbourhood	.709	.409
I would be willing to work together with others on something to improve my neighbourhood	.506	.451
I like to think of myself as similar to the people who live in this neighbourhood	.687	.438
Overall, I am very attracted to living in this neighbourhood	.670	.398
Belongingness to school
I feel like a real part of this school	.589	.323
People here notice when I’m good at something	.557	.440
Other students in this school take my opinions seriously	.370	.337
Most teachers here are interested in me	.543	.431
There is at least one teacher or adult in this school I can talk to if I have a problem	.350	.298
People at this school are friendly to me	.538	.306
I am included in lots of activities at this school	.416	.316
I am treated with as much respect as other students	.596	.306
I feel very different from most other students here	.496	.439
The teachers here respect me	.546	.369
People here know I can do good work	.580	.414
I feel proud of belonging in this school	.510	.407
Other students here like me the way I am	.448	.475
Belongingness to the family
My family is important to the way I think of myself as a person	.559	.359
I feel a sense that I personally belong in my family	.622	.332
I do not feel like an important part of my family (reversed)	.771	−.113

Table 3. Correlations among belongingness factors.

Correlate	Society	Neighbourhood	School
Society	1.000
Neighbourhood	.194*	1.000
School	.530***	.249**	1.000
Family	.252*	−.071	.177*

Note: All correlations were statistically significant at the .05 level.

Table 4. Standardized effects on belongingness.

Predictor	Society	Neighbourhood	School	Family
Female	−.030	.006	−.019	.017
Age	−.041*	.051	−.077***	−.065
Education	.072***	.004	.001	.086
Residency	.065	.004	−.011	−.038
Father’s education	.073	.060	.082	.105
Mother’s education	−.004	−.009	−.009	.025
Academic achievement	.060*	.044***	.231***	.117
Academic achievement × Education	.028	−.025	.012	.017
R^2	.020	.008	.069	.042

Note: The male was the reference category.

^* p < .05.

^*** p < .001.â