Resourcing resilience: educational considerations for supporting well-being and preventing violent extremism amongst Finnish youth

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics

	n	M	SD	Skewness		Kurtosis
				Statistic	Std. Error	Statistic	Std. Error
Self-regulation	2814	3.90	.75	−.65	.05	.32	.09
Peer relations	2834	3.90	.94	−.93	.05	.43	.09
Caregiver support	2762	4.32	.77	−1.32	.05	1.42	.09
School safety and connectedness	2824	4.15	.85	−1.12	.05	.84	.09
Meaning in life	2837	3.18	.66	−.81	.05	.59	.09
Life satisfaction	2790	3.48	1.02	−.44	.05	−.60	.09
Empathy	2776	3.90	.90	−.87	.05	.40	.09
Beneficence	2804	3.56	.94	−.48	.05	−.06	.09
Activism	2837	2.76	.83	−.46	.05	−.42	.09
Radicalism	2837	1.50	.81	1.60	.05	1.80	.09
Valid N (listwise)	2758

Table 2. Correlations

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1	Self-regulation	-
2	Peer relations	.45	-
3	Caregiver support	.36	.36	-
4	School safety and connectedness	.38	.51	.34	-
5	Gender	.10	.02	.09	.03	-
6	Educational institution	−.01	−.06	−.04	−.09	.12	-
7	Geographical location	−.02	−.05	.02	.00	−.04	.36	-
8	Experiences of discrimination	−.16	−.21	−.31	−.24	−.09	.06	−.03	-
9	Meaning in life	.38	.32	.27	.24	−.04	−.03	.01	−.06	-
10	Satisfaction with life	.51	.49	.55	.46	.12	−.04	−.03	−.31	.38	-
11	Empathy	.23	.29	.20	.24	−.34	−.09	.01	.04	.25	.19	-
12	Beneficence	.59	.59	.36	.43	−.02	−.03	−.03	−.11	.38	.51	.44	-
13	Activism	.04	.03	−.02	.05	−.20	−.13	−.06	.20	.15	−.04	.28	.14	-
14	Radicalism	−.06	−.02	−.09	−.11	.28	.14	.00	.12	−.09	−.06	−.22	−.07	.09	-

Note:Maximum Likelihood estimated correlations (full information maximum likelihood – FIML)

Table 3. The five-class model of classification

Classes	Parameters	LL	LLcf	AIC	BIC	aBIC	Entropy	VLMR p
1	8	−13,745.88	1.19	27,507.75	27,555.36	27,529.94
2	13	−12,683.29	1.52	25,392.58	25,469.93	25,428.63	0.82	0.000
3	18	−12,473.73	1.94	24,983.47	25,090.58	25,033.38	0.78	0.011
4	23	−12,197.98	1.85	24,441.97	24,578.83	24,505.75	0.83	0.002
5	28	−12,091.90	1.77	24,239.80	24,406.42	24,317.45	0.84	0.018
6	33	−11,967.41	2.28	24,000.81	24,197.18	24,092.33	0.84	0.453
7	38	−11,866.25	1.90	23,808.51	24,034.63	23,913.89	0.80	0.188
8	43	−11,797.03	2.18	23,680.06	23,935.93	23,799.31	0.80	0.625

Note: LL – Loglikelihood, LLcf – MLR correction factor for loglikelihood, AIC – Akaike’s information criterion, BIC – Bayesian information criterion, aBIC – sample size adjusted BIC, VLMR p – Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood difference test p-value

Table 4. Profile groups

		High Resilience				High School Connectedness				Mixed Social Resources				Low School Connectedness				Low Resilience
		n ~ 1780 (~ 63%)				n ~ 384 (~ 14%)				n ~ 307 (~ 11%)				n ~ 234 (~ 8%)				n ~ 130 (~ 5%)
	Variable	M	95% CI			M	95% CI			M	95% CI			M	95% CI			M	95% CI
1	Self-regulation	4.15	4.12	-	4.19	3.62	3.52	-	3.72	3.38	3.23	-	3.53	3.76	3.60	-	3.93	2.83	2.59	-	3.08
2	Peer support	4.32	4.27	-	4.37	3.67	3.52	-	3.82	2.49	2.16	-	2.82	3.86	3.68	-	4.05	2.32	2.03	-	2.60
3	Caregiver support	4.67	4.64	-	4.71	3.18	3.05	-	3.31	4.40	4.29	-	4.51	4.38	4.24	-	4.52	2.62	2.33	-	2.90
4	School safety and connectedness	4.57	4.53	-	4.60	4.16	4.03	-	4.30	3.49	3.21	-	3.77	2.82	2.58	-	3.06	2.47	2.23	-	2.71

Figure 1. Five-profile solution

Table 5. Profile group difference

		High Resilience (resources)		High School Connectedness		Mixed Social Resources		Low School Connectedness		Low Resilience (resources)		BCH
	var	M	SE	M	SE	M	SE	M	SE	M	SE	chisq	df	p
1	Meaning in life	3.35a	.02	2.98b	.04	2.83b	.05	3.23a	.05	2.43	.07	299.10	4	<.001
2	Life satisfaction	3.96	.02	2.65a	.06	2.74ab	.06	3.02b	.08	1.85	.08	1354.93	4	<.001
3	Empathy	4.06a	.02	3.82b	.06	3.46	.07	3.86ab	.08	3.06	.11	15.53	4	<.001
4	Beneficence	3.93	.02	3.24a	.05	2.54	.07	3.48a	.08	2.09	.09	868.50	4	<.001
5	Activism	2.76a	.02	2.89a	.05	2.72ab	.06	2.82a	.07	2.45b	.10	16.50	4	.002
6	Radicalism	1.45a	.02	1.55ab	.05	1.47a	.06	1.63ab	.08	1.83b	.10	21.36	4	<.001