Structural model of 5Cs of positive youth development in Croatia: relations with mental distress and mental well-being

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

	N	M	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	Cronbach’s Alpha
Competence	3559	3,42	673	-,325	014	.697
Character	3559	3,73	60	-,598	803	.596
Confidence	3559	3,60	902	-,603	-,155	.901
Caring	3559	3,98	800	-,862	728	.889
Connection	3559	3,51	668	-,387	107	.786
Depression	3316	5,93	5,578	926	-,014	.915
Anxiety	3316	5,87	5,493	939	-,004	.897
Stress	3316	6,76	5,595	638	-,519	.912
Mental distress	3316	18.559	15.669	.817	- .165	.962
Well-being	3287	49,25	10,589	-,404	156	.926

Table 2. Goodness-of-fit statistics of confirmatory factor analysis, higher-order factor analysis, bifactor factor analysis, and exploratory structural equation modelling.

	Five-factor CFA model	Five-factor ESEM model	Higher-order model	Bifactor model
χ^2 (df)	12,546.830 (517)**	2,734.554 (396)**	14380.055 (522)**	9,477.350 (493)**
CFI	.776	.956	.742	.833
TLI	.757	.938	.723	.810
RMSEA	.081	.041	.086	.072
RMSEA (90% C.I.)	.080–.082	.039–.042	.085–.088	.070–.073
SRMR	.077	.022	.104	.088

** p<.01.

Table 3. Factor loadings of the five-factor structure of positive youth development using ESEM.

Items	Competence	Character	Confidence	Caring	Connection
PYD1	.502
PYD3	.308
PYD5	- .407
PYD19	.374
PYD20	.756
PYD2		.383
PYD8		.405
PYD9		.503
PYD10		.366
PYD22		.425
PYD26		.473
PYD27		.378
PYD4			.698
PYD6			.656
PYD7			.805
PYD21	.317		.565
PYD23			.731
PYD24			.380
PYD11		.379		.478
PYD12				.769
PYD13				.794
PYD28				.729
PYD29				.584
PYD30				.644
PYD14					.327
PYD15					.435
PYD16	.387				.449
PYD31					.359
PYD32					.538
PYD33					.587

Table 4. Latent ESEM intercorrelations of five factors of positive youth development.

	1.	2.	3.	4.	5.
1. Competence	-	.104*	.358*	.023	.286*
2. Character		-	.188*	.460*	.391*
3. Confidence			-	- .052*	.431*
4. Caring				-	.197*
5. Connection					-

** p<.01.

Table 5. Goodness-of-fit statistics of bifactor factor analysis, and (S.I-1) bifactor analysis on parcels.

	Bifactor model on parcels	Bifactor (S·I-1) model on parcels
χ^2 (df)	1188.498 (78)**	1119.075 (80)**
CFI	.944	.944
TLI	.915	.917
RMSEA	.065	.064
RMSEA (90% C.I.)	.062–.069	.061–.068
SRMR	.037	.037

** p<.01.

Table 6. Factor loadings of bifactor and bifactor (S·I-1) model.

Specific factor	Parcel	Bifactor model		Bifactor (S·I-1) model
		General factor loading	Specific factor loading	General factor loading	Specific factor loading
Competence	Social competence	.048	.772**	.038	.784**
	Academic competence	.559**	.298**	.563**	.297**
	Physical competence	.098**	.493**	.099**	.489**
Character	Conduct behavior	.633**	- .045	.621**	-
	Social conscience	.458**	.503**	.440**	.521**
	Personal values	.511**	.391**	.498**	.408**
	Values diversity	.282**	.516**	.268**	.517**
Confidence	Appearance	.252**	.710**	.256**	.711**
	Positive identity	.503**	.720**	.513**	.714**
	Self-worth	.443**	.740**	.454**	.732**
Caring	Empathy	.466**	.711**	.446**	.725**
	Sympathy	.432**	.704**	.414**	.713**
Connection	Connection to school	.390**	.067**	.383**	.069**
	Connection to family	.423**	.677**	.431**	.672**
	Connection to neighbours	.315**	.730**	.317**	.730**
	Connection to peers	.214**	.671**	.216**	.671**

** p<.01.

Figure 1. Tested full model of structural equation 1: direct effects of 5Cs on mental distress.

Figure 2. Tested full model of structural equation 2: direct effects of 5Cs on mental well-being.