Understanding youth well-being in the family context: the role of democracy, warmth, and disclosure

Figures & data

Figure 1. Participant recruitment process of the KUPOL project. Adapted from Galanti et al. (2016).

Table 1. Descriptive and comparative statistics for democratic and warm parenting behaviours, youth disclosure, and youth well-being characteristics.

	Total				Boys		Girls			Gender differences
	n	M	SD	n	M	SD	n	M	SD	t	df	p	d
Democratic parenting T1	1807	4.24	0.83	861	4.25	0.81	946	4.23	0.84	0.51	1805	.611	0.02
Democratic parenting T2	1703	4.22	0.87	818	4.23	0.85	885	4.21	0.88	0.51	1701	.608	0.03
Maternal warmth T1	1798	2.57	0.40	856	2.57	0.39	942	2.58	0.42	−0.45	1796	.652	−0.02
Maternal warmth T2	1701	2.57	0.42	814	2.57	0.42	887	2.58	0.43	−0.62	1699	.538	−0.03
Paternal warmth T1	1760	2.50	0.45	841	2.50	0.43	919	2.49	0.47	0.82	1758	.415	0.04
Paternal warmth T2	1665	2.48	0.47	802	2.48	0.44	863	2.47	0.50	0.62^a	1658^a	.536	0.03
Youth disclosure T1	1814	3.95	0.75	865	3.89	0.75	949	4.01	0.74	−3.43	1812	.001	−0.16
Youth disclosure T2	1705	3.88	0.77	817	3.82	0.75	888	3.94	0.77	−3.21	1703	.001	−0.16
Academic well-being T1	1804	4.43	0.64	855	4.40	0.69	949	4.45	0.60	−1.51^a	1700^a	.132	−0.07
Academic well-being T2	1700	4.38	0.68	817	4.36	0.73	883	4.40	0.64	−1.19^a	1632^a	.236	−0.06
Emotional well-being T1	1816	2.44	0.48	866	2.63	0.36	950	2.27	0.50	17.64^a	1725^a	.000	0.82
Emotional well-being T2	1719	2.42	0.48	829	2.62	0.38	890	2.24	0.49	18.14^a	1663	.000	0.87
Social well-being T1	1807	2.57	0.37	858	2.48	0.38	949	2.65	0.33	−9.52^a	1699^a	.000	−0.45
Social well-being T2	1719	2.59	0.36	829	2.51	0.38	890	2.67	0.33	−9.02^a	1650^a	.000	−0.44

n varies because missing values were excluded per variable; ^a Equal variances not assumed; T1 = time 1, seventh grade; T2 = time 2, eighth grade.

Figure 2. Associations between each factor at T1 (seventh grade) and T2 (eighth grade), all statistically significant at p < .001.

Table 2. Fit indices of measurement models based on confirmatory factor analyses.

Model	df	χ^2	p	RMSEA	SRMR	CFI	TLI	ABIC	AIC	n total observations	n (%) with partially missing data
Democratic parenting T1	0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	1807	33 (1.83%)
Maternal warmth T1	9	11.95	.216	.013	.010	.999	.998	15363.03	15321.32	1798	74 (4.12%)
Paternal warmth T1	9	26.41	.002	.033	.015	.993	.989	15915.18	15873.85	1760	85 (4.83%)
Youth disclosure T1	3	5.14	.162	.020	.007	.999	.996	23316.63	23277.08	1814	74 (4.08%)
Academic well-being T2	4	25.03	.000	.056	.013	.988	.988	18346.80	18310.61	1700	48 (3.47%)
Emotional well-being T2	4	24.80	.000	.055	.018	.985	.962	16098.97	16062.61	1719	54 (3.14%)
Social well-being T2	5	16.25	.006	.036	.017	.987	.974	12504.89	12470.81	1719	72 (3.98%)

Fit statistics are estimated with robust maximum likelihood and partially missing data are estimated with robust full information maximum likelihood. For youth disclosure two error covariances and for academic well-being and emotional well-being respectively one error covariance were included in the models.

Figure 3. Standardised parameter estimates of statistically significant paths for baseline model, * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.

T1 = time 1, seventh grade; T2 = time 2, eighth grade.

Table 3. Indirect associations of baseline model for both boys and girls.

			Indirect
Predictor	Mediator	Outcome	β	95% CI B-CB
Democratic parenting T1	Youth disclosure T1	Academic well-being T2	0.19***	[0.13, 0.25]
		Emotional well-being T2	0.05*	[0.01, 0.11]
		Social well-being T2	0.18***	[0.13, 0.24]
Maternal warmth T1	Youth disclosure T1	Academic well-being T2	0.10***	[0.05, 0.15]
		Emotional well-being T2	0.03*	[0.01, 0.06]
		Social well-being T2	0.10***	[0.05, 0.15]
Paternal warmth T1	Youth disclosure T1	Academic well-being T2	0.05*	[0.01, 0.10]
		Emotional well-being T2	0.02	[0.00, 0.04]
		Social well-being T2	0.05*	[0.01, 0.10]

95% CI _B-CB = 95% bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence interval; * p < .05; *** p < .001; T1 = time 1, seventh grade; T2 = time 2, eighth grade.

Galanti, M. R., Hultin, H., Dalman, C., Engström, K., Ferrer-Wreder, L., Forsell, Y., Karlberg, M., Lavebratt, C., Magnusson, C., Sundell, K., Zhou, J., Almroth, M., & Raffetti, E. (2016). School environment and mental health in early adolescence: A longitudinal study in Sweden (KUPOL). BMC Psychiatry, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0919-1

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