Association between health information seeking and behaviour change related to physical activity among Qatari adolescents

Figures & data

Figure 1. Sampling of study population.

Table 1. Characteristics of adolescents.

Characteristics	Unweighted N 1050	Unweighted %	Weighted N 1058.7	Weighted %
Age in Years
Mean (SD)	15.80 (1.43)		15.72 (1.43)
13	49	4.7%	52.2	4.9%
14	169	16.1%	183.4	17.3%
15	218	20.8%	241.1	22.8%
16	272	25.9%	260.7	24.6%
17	221	21.1%	202.5	19.1%
18	90	8.6%	91.0	8.6%
19	31	3.0%	27.8	2.6%
Age Categories
Early Adolescence(13–15)	436	41.5%	476.6	45.0%
Late Adolescence (16–19)	614	58.5%	582	55.0%
Sex
Female	569	54.2%	546.8	51.7%
Male	477	45.4%	508.7	48.1%
Missing	4	0.4%	3.2	0.3%
School Grade
Grade 8	191	18.2%	194.7	18.4%
Grade 9	184	17.5%	180.4	17.0%
Grade 10	268	25.5%	302.5	28.6%
Grade 11	215	20.5%	208.5	19.7%
Grade 12	159	15.1%	141.8	13.4%
Missing	33	3.1%	30.8	2.9%
School Grade Categories
Junior Level (8–9)	375	36.9%	375.1	35.4%
Senior Level (10–12)	642	63.1%	652.8	61.7%
Missing	33	3.1%	30.8	2.9%
Height
Mean (SD)	162.31(10.57)		62.43(10.7)
Missing	43	4.1%	44.9	4.2%
Weight
Mean (SD)	63.96 (21.60)		64.69 (21.49)
Missing	47	4.5%	53.0	5.0%
BMI
Mean (SD)	24.22 (7.38)		24.61(8.44)
Missing	72	6.9%	78.1	7.4%
BMI-WHO Criteria
Underweight	122	11.6%	117	11.0%
Normal Weight	476	45.3%	469	44.3%
Overweight	208	19.8%	203.7	19.2%
Obese	172	16.4%	190.9	18.0%
Missing	72	6.9%	78.1	7.4%
Importance of PA to You
Not at all important	36	3.4%	38.7	3.7%
Not too important	57	5.4%	62.3	5.9%
Somewhat important	307	29.2%	322.5	30.5%
Very important	632	60.2%	618.1	58.4%
Missing	18	1.7%	17.1	1.6%
Importance of PA to Friend
Not at all	59	5.6%	64.0	6.0%
Only a little	79	7.5%	77.1	7.3%
Somewhat	280	26.7%	287.9	27.2%
A lot	536	51.1%	533.3	50.4%
Missing	96	9.1%	96.4	9.1%
NGSE Scale
Mean (SD)	24.90 (11.68)		24.86(11.56)
Missing	55	5.2%	57.9	5.5%
NGSE Category*
Low	477	45.4%	481.9	45.5%
High	508	49.3%	518.9	49.0%
Missing	55	5.2%	57.9	5.5%
K6-Scale
Mean (SD)	12.21 (7.11)		11.99 (7.15)
Missing	59	5.6%	59.1	5.6%
Psychological Distress (Tertials of K6-Scale)
Low	351	35.4%	371.4	35.1%
Moderate	325	32.8%	313.9	29.7%
High	315	31.8%	314.2	29.7%
Missing	59	5.6%	59.1	5.6%
Trauma Experience
Yes	834	79.4%	838.8	79.2%
No	165	15.7%	167	15.8%
Missing	51	4.9%	52.9	5.0%
Sent Away
Yes	232	22.1%	228.6	21.6%
No	715	68.1%	724.4	68.4%
Missing	103	9.8%	105.6	10.0%
Beaten Up
Yes	366	34.9%	365.6	34.5%
No	557	53.1%	565.3	53.4%
Missing	127	12.1%	127.7	12.1%
Abused
Yes	405	38.6%	414	39.1%
No	482	45.9%	474.1	44.8%
Missing	163	15.5%	170.7	16.1%
Body Shape Satisfaction
Strongly disagree	262	25.0%	265.6	25.1%
Somewhat disagree	208	19.8%	213	20.1%
Somewhat agree	219	20.9%	218.5	20.6%
Strongly Agree	276	26.3%	275.1	26.0%
Missing	85	8.1%	86.5	8.2%
Sources Used for any reason:
Interpersonal
No	26	2.5%	28.2	2.7%
Yes	1014	96.6%	1021.1	96.5%
Missing	10	1.0%	9.4	0.9%
Traditional
No	61	5.8%	64.3	6.1%
Yes	979	93.2%	985.6	93.1%
Missing	10	1.0%	8.72	0.8%
Online
No	114	10.9%	113.2	10.7%
Yes	920	87.6%	931.9	88.0%
Missing	16	1.5%	13.6	1.3%
Social Media
No	66	6.3%	66.8	6.3%
Yes	969	92.3%	977.6	92.4%
Missing	15	1.4%	14.2	1.3%
Sources Used Mainly to Change Behaviour:
Interpersonal
Yes	882	84.0%	880.3	83.2%
No	103	9.8%	110.1	10.4%
Missing	65	6.5%	68.3	6.5%
Traditional
Yes	754	71.8%	750.2	70.9%
No	196	18.7%	208.9	19.7%
Missing	100	9.5%	99.5	9.4%
Online
Yes	652	62.1%	669.2	63.2%
No	247	23.5%	241	22.8%
Missing	151	14.4%	148.5	14.0%
Social Media
Yes	714	68.0%	724.6	68.5%
No	234	22.3%	230.6	21.8%
Missing	102	9.7%	103.4	9.8%
Attempt to Change any Behaviours
Yes	946	90.1%	949.8	89.7%
PA	733	77.5%	724.2	68.4%
Other Behaviour	184	19.5%	199.2	18.8%
Missing	29	2.8%	26.4	2.5%
No	81	7.7%	84.2	8.0%
Missing	23	2.2%	24.7	2.3%
Attempt to Change PA Behaviour
Yes	733	77.5%	724.2	68.4%
No	265	27.2%	283.4	26.8%
Missing	52	5.0%	51.1	4.8%

SD: Standard Deviation; BMI: Body Mass Index; WHO: World Health Organization; PA: Physical Activity; K6: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6; NGSE: New General Self-Efficacy.

*NGSE scales split at median according to (Schwarzer, 2005)).

Table 2. Association between sources used to change behaviour and other covariates with attempt to change PA behaviour (weighted N = 1058.7).

Characteristics	Attempt N (%)*	No Attempt N (%)*	P Value**
Sources Used Mainly to Change Behaviour
Interpersonal (N = 969.2)			<0.0001
No	22.2 (20.2%)	87.9 (79.8%)
Yes	685.6 (79.8%)	173.5 (20.2%)
Traditional (N = 935.4)			<0.0001
No	104 (50.1%)	103.6 (50.6%)
Yes	581.9 (80.0%)	145.9 (20.0%)
Online (N = 891)			<0.0001
No	117 (49.5%)	119.6 (50.6%)
Yes	536.3 (82.0%)	118.1 (18.1%)
Social Media (N = 935.8)			<0.0001
No	115.9 (51.0%)	111.5 (49.0%)
Yes	571.2 (80.6%)	137.2 (19.4%)
Sex (N = 1004.5)
Female	390.7 (73.9%)	137.8 (26.1%)	0.269
Male	331 (69.5%)	145 (30.5%)
Age (N = 1007.6)			0.004
Early Adolescence (13-15ys)	304.1 (66.6%)	152.4 (33.4%)
Late Adolescence (16-19ys)	420.1 (76.2%)	131 (23.8%)
School Grade (N = 978.6)			0.007
Junior Level (8–9)	240.2 (66.5%)	12.9 (33.5%)
Senior Level (10–12)	465 (75.3%)	152.5 (24.7%)
BMI (N = 934.2)			0.963
Underweight	83 (72.9%)	30.9 (27.1%)
Normal	320.6 (72.2%)	123.6 (27.8%)
Overweight/Obese	274.4 (73.0%)	101.7 (27.0%)
Importance of PA-You (N = 993.4)			0.009
Not at all/Not too important	56.5 (59.4%)	38.7 (40.7%)
Somewhat/Very important	66.8 (73.6%)	237.4 (26.4%)
Importance of PA- Friend (N = 920.7)			0.307
Not at All/Only a little	92.5 (68.8%)	41.9 (31.2%)
Somewhat/A lot	580.7 (73.9%)	205.6 (26.2%)
NGSE (N = 972)			0.069
Low	317.7 (68.6%)	145.2 (31.4%)
High	382.6 (75.2%)	126.5 (24.9%)
Psychological Distress (N = 971.2)			0.596
Low	252.5 (70.1%)	107.9 (30.0%)
Moderate	226.8 (74.2%)	79.0 (25.8%)
High	219.5 (72.0%)	85.5 (28.0%)
Trauma Experience (N = 976.6)			0.021
No	98.7 (62.6%)	58.9 (37.4%)
Yes	607.2 (74.1%)	211.8 (25.9%)
Maltreatment (N = 947.9)			0.004
No	276 (67.6%)	132.6 (32.5%)
Yes	410.4 (76.1%)	128.9 (23.9%)
Victimization (N = 925.1)			0.015
No	286.4 (69.0%)	128.9 (31.0%)
Yes	385.2 (75.6%)	124.6 (24.4%)
Body Shape Satisfaction (N = 942.1)			0.946
Not Satisfied	332.4 (72.2%)	128.1 (27.8%)
Satisfied	349.1 (72.5%)	132.5 (27.5%)

*Weighted count and percentages. N’s not add up to the weighted 1058.7 due to missingness. ** Design-based Chi-square tests P-value. PA: Physical Activity; BMI: Body Mass Index; NGSE: New General Self-Efficacy.

Table 3. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for the attempt to change PA with average marginal effects for the probability of attempting PA change. (imputed data: final model, number of imputations = 20, N = 887).

Variables	aOR*	P Value^†	AME^⁋	P Value**
Sources Used Mainly to Change Behaviour:
Interpersonal
No	1
Yes	9.35 (4.15–21.08)	<.001	0.46 (0.29–0.62)	<0.001
Online
No	1
Yes	2.53 (1.50–4.27)	0.001	0.16 (0.06-0.26)	0.004
Social Media
No	1
Yes	1.55 (0.92–2.61)	0.094	0.07 (−0.02-0.16)	0.123
Traditional
No	1
Yes	1.07 (0.65–1.76)	0.796	0.01 (−0.06-0.08)	0.794
Age
Early Adolescence (13–15)	1
Late Adolescence (16–19)	2.17(1.37–3.44)	0.002	0.11 (0.04-0.18)	0.003
Importance of PA
Not at all/Not too important	1
Somewhat/A lot important	2.34 (1.13–4.84)	0.023	0.14 (0.01-0.28)	0.042
Sex
Female	1
Male	0.65 (0.38–1.11)	0.107	−0.06(−0.14-0.01)	0.104

*Adjusted Odds Ratio for the covariates in the table. ⁋Results were adjusted for complex survey design and model covariates (imputed data, N=887).†Wald test p-value**t Statistics p-valueThe overall model significance F (7, 28.6) = 23.17, P<0.0001.AME: Average Marginal Effects (Risk Differences). PA: Physical Activity. CI: Confidence Interval.

Schwarzer, R. (2005). Everything you always wanted to know about the general self-efficacy scale but were afraid to ask. Assessment, 18(3), 242–251. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/materials/faq_gse_220405.pdf

 Google Scholar