Agency and communion among youth in Kosovo and Albania: An exploratory study

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics.

	Kosovo (n=412)	Albania (n=255)
Gender
Males	165	101
Females	247	154
Area
Urban	209	112
Rural	208	143
Status
Single	332	175
In relationship	69	61
Married	14	24
Divorced	1	3

Table 2. Prescriptive stereotypes on communion and agency, by country.

Prescriptive stereotypes	Kosovo			Prescriptive stereotypes	Albania
	Gender	Mean	SD		Gender	Mean	SD
Men Communality*	Male	5.42	1.08	Men Communality*	Male	5.08	1.24
	Female	5.14	1.34		Female	5.67	0.88
Men Weakness	Male	2.09	0.82	Men Weakness	Male	2.15	0.95
	Female	1.98	0.73		Female	1.99	0.72
Men Dominance**	Male	3.43	1.20	Men Dominance	Male	3.53	1.29
	Female	3.81	1.42		Female	3.35	1.16
Men Agency*	Male	6.11	0.82	Men Agency***	Male	5.85	1.07
	Female	6.29	0.73		Female	6.23	0.66
Women Communality *	Male	5.81	0.86	Women Communality **	Male	5.61	1.03
	Female	6.01	0.75		Female	5.96	0.69
Women Weakness***	Male	2.65	1.04	Women Weakness	Male	2.84	1.30
	Female	3.19	1.46		Female	2.77	1.22
Women Dominance	Male	2.81	0.75	Women Dominance *	Male	2.94	1.01
	Female	2.70	0.97		Female	3.22	1.00
Women Agency**	Male	5.60	1.18	Women Agency**	Male	5.09	1.52
	Female	4.98	1.71		Female	5.64	1.28

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001.

Table 3. An exploratory analysis of prescriptive individual characteristic.

	Males rated themselves higher than females rated males		Females rated themselves higher than males rated females
	Kosovo	Albania	Kosovo	Albania
communal	understanding; sensitive; aware of feelings of others; trustful; dependent	fearful; insecure;	worthy for others; soft-hearted;devoted to others; weak; timid; submissive; fearful; dependent; insecure	empathic; worthy for others; understanding; aware of others feeling; collaborative; devoted to others; trustful; supportive;
agentic	Competitive	Intimidating; aggressive; arrogant	dictatorial; boastful;	Demanding; dominant; bossy; superior; strong; stubborn; decisive; ambitious; competent; self-confident; leadership’ efficient; abilities; determined; courageous; active; independent

Table 4. An exploratory analysis of prescriptive individual characteristic.

	Females rated males higher than males rated males		Males rated females higher than females rated females
	Kosovo	Albania	Kosovo	Albania
communal	Worthy for others	empathic; worthy for others; understanding; aware; collaborative; committed; warm; supportive; fearful; insecure;	Collaborative	/
agentic	superior; strong; dictatorial; aggressive; stubborn; arrogant; decisive; leadership skills; courageous; independent	Strong; secure; leadership abilities; efficient; ambitious; courageous; active; competent	demanding; controllable; fearful; dictatorial; ambitious; boastful; competitive; competent; secure; leadership skills; efficient; determined; competitive; courageous; active; capable; independent	Aggressive

Table 5. MANOVA analysis for all prescriptive stereotypes.

	Pillai	F Value	Approx. F	df1	df2	p-value
Country	0.02	2.06	3.213	8	645	0.03*
Gender	0.07	6.05	5.432	8	645	0.001***
Country * Gender	0.41	3.41	2.123	8	645	0.001***

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 6. ANOVA analysis for prescriptive stereotypes for men.

Prescriptive stereotypes	Effect	Df	Sum Sq	Mean Sq	F value	Pr(>F)
Men Communality	Country	1	5.17	5.17	3.80	0.05*
	Gender	1	0.3	0.29	0.21	0.63
	Country * Gender	1	27.59	27.58	20.14	0.001***
	Residuals	653	894.7	1.37
Men Weaknesses	Country	1	0.09	0.09	0.1283	0.72
	Gender	1	2.03	2.02	3.4177	0.06
	Country * Gender	1	0.00	0.00	0.0012	0.97
	Residuals	653	396.14	0.60665
Men Dominance	Country	1	7.56	7.56	4.52	0.03*
	Gender	1	4.74	4.73	2.83	0.09
	Country * Gender	1	10.71	10.71	6.40	0.01**
	Residuals	653	1090.12	1.66
Men Agency	Country	1	3.01	3.00	4.73	0.02*
	Gender	1	10.19	10.18	16.04	0.001***
	Country * Gender	1	1.57	1.57	2.47	0.12
	Residuals	653	414.19	0.6343

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 7. ANOVA analysis for prescriptive stereotypes for women.

Prescriptive stereotypes	Effect	Df	Sum Sq	Mean Sq	F value	Pr(>F)
Women Communality	Country	1	1.90	1.89	2.90	0.1
	Gender	1	9.90	9.89	15.15	0.001***
	Country * Gender	1	0.7	0.69	1.07	0.25
	Residuals	653	894.7	1.3701
Women Weakness	Country	1	4.43	4.42	2.6	0.09
	Gender	1	14.44	14.43	8.64	0.001***
	Country * Gender	1	13.88	13.87	8.30	0.001***
	Residuals	653	396.14	0.60665
Women Dominance	Country	1	1.91	1.91	2.32	0.12
	Gender	1	0.19	0.18	0.23	0.26
	Country * Gender	1	4.97	4.97	6.08	0.01**
	Residuals	653	414.19	0.6343
Women Agency	Country	1	4.54	4.54	2.10	0.1
	Gender	1	4.47	4.46	2.06	0.13
	Country * Gender	1	53.60	54.56	24.77	0.001***
	Residuals	653	414.19	0.6343

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.