I. Introduction: The Search for Strategic Depth – the AKP and the Middle East

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Notes

¹ Yildiz Atasoy, Turkey, Islamists and Democracy: Transition and Globalization in a Muslim State (New York, NY: I B Tauris, 2005), pp. 81–85.

² Robert Tait, ‘Turkey's Governing Party Avoids Being Shut Down for Anti-Secularism’, Guardian, 30 July 2008.

³ Peter L Hahn, ‘Securing the Middle East: The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957’, Presidential Studies Quarterly (Vol. 36, No. 1, Presidential Doctrines, March 2006), pp. 38–47; William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774, 3^rd edition (London: Routledge, 2013), p. 92; Ara Sanjian, ‘The Formulation of the Baghdad Pact’, Middle East Studies (Vol. 33, No. 2, April 1997), pp. 226–66.

⁴ Turkish scholar Mustafa Kibaroglu notes that Ankara adopted ‘a policy of “non-involvement” toward the Middle East’, so as to assuage its European Allies’ concerns that the country's proximity to the Middle East risked involving NATO in an out-of-area war. See Mustafa Kibaroglu, ‘Turkey and Israel Strategize’, Middle East Quarterly (Vol. 9, No. 1, Winter 2002), pp. 61–65.

⁵ Henri Barkey, ‘Turkey's Kurdish Dilemma’, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy (Vol. 35, No. 4, Winter 1993), p. 53.

⁶ Cameron S Brown, ‘Turkey in the Gulf Wars of 1991 and 2003’, Turkish Studies (Vol. 8, No. 1, Spring 2007), pp. 86–87; Muhittin Ataman, ‘Ozal Leadership and Restructuring of Turkish Ethnic Policy in the 1980s’, Middle Eastern Studies (Vol. 38, No. 4, October 2000), pp. 128–29; Haldun Cancia and Sevket Serkan Senb, ‘Turkish Dilemma after Operation Desert Storm (1990–1991): An Analysis of Negative Consequences’, European Journal of Social Science Research (Vol. 23, No. 3, September 2010), pp. 279–92.

⁷ Ahmet Davutoglu, ‘Turkiye merkez ulke olmali’, Radikal, 26 February 2004, <http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=107581>, accessed 8 October 2014; Ahmet Davutoglu, ‘Turkiye'yi Markalastiran “Ritmik Diplomasi”’, 24 January 2005, Netpano.com, <http://www.netpano.com/turkiyeyi-markalastiran-ritmik-diplomasi/>, accessed 8 October 2014.

⁸ Behlul Ozkhan, ‘Turkey, Davutoglu and the Idea of Pan-Islam’, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy (Vol. 56, No. 4, August/September 2014), pp. 119–40.

⁹ Holger H Herwig, ‘Geopolitik: Haushofer, Hitler and Lebensraum’, Journal of Strategic Studies (Vol. 22, No. 2–3, 1999), pp. 218–41.

¹⁰ Halford John Mackinder, ‘The Geographical Pivot of History’, Geographical Journal (Vol. 23, No. 4, April 1904), pp. 421–37.

¹¹ Nicholas J Spykman, ‘Geography and Foreign Policy’, American Political Science Review (Vol. 32, No. 1, February 1938), pp. 38–50.

¹² Ozkhan, ‘Turkey, Davutoglu and the Idea of Pan-Islam’, p. 123.

¹³ Ahmet Davutoglu, ‘The Impacts of Alternative Weltanschauungs on Political Theories: A Comparison of the Tawhid and Ontological Proximity’, PhD thesis, 1990, pp. 65–67.

¹⁴ Ahmet Davutoglu, ‘The Clash of Interests: An Explanation of the World [Dis]Order’, Intellectual Discourse (Vol. 2, No. 2, 1994), pp. 107–30.

¹⁵ Davutoglu, ‘The Impacts of Alternative Weltanschauungs on Political Theories’, pp. 65–67.

¹⁶ Ahmet Davutoglu, ‘Yeni dunya duzeninde Misak-i Milli’, Aksiyon, 30 March 1996, <http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/columnistDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=1431>, accessed 8 October 2014.

¹⁷ Ahmet Davutoglu, Stratejik Derinlik (Istanbul: Kure Yayinlari, 2001), p. 66, as cited in Ozkhan, ‘Turkey, Davutoglu and the Idea of Pan- Islamism’, p. 123; Ahmet Davutoglu, ‘Disisleri Bakani Sayin Ahmet Davutoglu'nun Diyarbakir Dicle Universitesinde Verdigi “Buyuk Restorasyon: Kadim'den Kuresellesmeye Yeni Siyaset Anlayisimiz”’, Konulu Konferans, 15 March 2013, <http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-diyarbakir-dicle-universitesinde-verdigi-_buyuk-restorasyon_-kadim_den-kuresellesmeye-yeni.tr.mfa>, accessed 8 October 2014.