IV. ICT for Community Security

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Notes

1 Comments based on the author’s observations and private conversations in police stations, training colleges and the offices of international organisations in Somaliland, Puntland and Mogadishu, 2011, 2015 and 2016.

2 US dollars are the preferred currency; see Young Pelton, Nuxurkey and Osman, ‘The Police of Somalia, Somaliland, Puntland’.

3 AMISOM Media Monitoring, ‘20 Arrested in Mogadishu Security Operation’, 3 October 2016.

4 Young Pelton, Nuxurkey and Ozman, ‘The Police of Somalia, Somaliland, Puntland’.

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid.

8 OCVP, ‘Mogadishu 2014: Central Zone, Conflict and Security Assessment Report’, pp. 16–17; OCVP, ‘Safety and Security Report’.

9 OCVP, ‘Mogadishu 2014’, pp. xii–xiii.

10 Jason Sunshine and Tom Tyler, ‘The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing’, Law and Society Review (Vol. 37, No. 3, 2002), pp. 513–48; Justice Tankabe, ‘Viewing Things Differently: The Dimensions of Public Perceptions of Police Legitimacy’, Criminology (Vol. 51, No. 1, 2013), pp. 103–35.

11 Compare Neil Carrier, Little Mogadishu: Eastleigh, Nairobi’s Global Somali Hub (London: Hurst, 2016).

12 Tankabe, ‘Viewing Things Differently’.

13 Geert Bouckaert et al., ‘Identity vs Performance: An Overview of Theories Explaining Trust in Government’, Catholic University Leuven, 2002.

14 Hills, ‘Policing a Plurality of Worlds: The Nigeria Police in Metropolitan Kano’.

15 See Alice Hills, ‘Partnership Policing: Is it Relevant in Kano, Nigeria?’, Criminology and Criminal Justice (Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014), pp. 8–24. See also Jenny Fleming and Rod Rhodes, ‘Bureaucracy, Contracts and Networks: The Unholy Trinity and the Police’, Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology (Vol. 38, No. 2, 2005), p. 195.

16 Private communication, indigene, Kano, 2 December 2010.

17 See Alice Hills, ‘Remembrance of Things Past: Somali Roads to Police Development’, Stability (Vol. 3, No. 1, 2014).

18 The best guide to democratic policing remains OECD DAC, OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform: Supporting Security and Justice.

19 Chrisanthi Avergerou, ‘Discourses on ICT and Development’, Information Technologies and International Development (Vol. 6, No. 3, 2010); Ken Banks, ‘Reflections on a Decade of Mobiles in Development’, Stability (Vol. 2, No. 3, 2013).

20 Contrast the Danish government’s provision of office furniture, desktop computers, printers, folding chairs, tables, cabinets and, significantly, solar torches and solar lamps. Shabelle News, ‘AU Police Hands Over Office Equipment to the Somali Police Force’, 19 September 2017.

21 Author observations during visits to police stations in Hargeisa, Puntland’s Garowe and Gardo, and Mogadishu, 2011–16.

22 Duncan Omanga, ‘“Chieftaincy” in the Social Media Space: Community Policing in a Twitter Convened Baraza’, Stability (Vol. 4, No. 1, 2015).

23 Quartz Africa, ‘More Phones, Few Banks and Years of Instability are Transforming Somalia to Cashless Society’, 26 February 2016.

24 Ibid.

25 Garowe Online, ‘Sitting Down with Somali Nomads’, 26 June 2015.

26 Quartz Africa, ‘More Phones, Few Banks and Years of Instability are Transforming Somalia to Cashless Society’.

27 Centre of African Studies, ‘Social Media and Security’, Edinburgh University, 2016, <http://www.cas.ed.ac.uk/research/grants_and_projects/sms_africa>, accessed 30 September 2016.

28 Zakia Hussein, 2017, <https://twitter.com/zakiahussen?lang=en>, accessed 4 May 2017.

29 See (and listen) at AMISOM, ‘Somali Police Force Launches Community Policing Song’, 17 July 2016, <http://amisom-au.org/2016/07/somali-police-force-launches-community-policing-song/>, accessed 18 July 2016.

30 Hills, ‘Is There Anybody There?’.

31 Author’s observations and conversations with mid-level and senior SPF officers in Nairobi and Mogadishu (September 2011, July 2016), Puntland officers in Garowe (September 2011), and Somaliland officers in Hargeisa (December 2015).

32 eTransform Africa, ‘Transformational Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Africa’, World Bank, 2012, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/0,,contentMDK:23262578~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:282823,00.html>, accessed 30 September 2016; This is Africa, ‘How Technology Can Transform Africa’, 3 June 2015, <http://www.thisisafricaonline.com/News/How-technology-can-transform-Africa?ct=true>, accessed 30 September 2016.

33 Motorola Solutions, ‘Transforming Public Safety Communications in Europe and Africa: 4 Key Factors’, 2016, p. 1, <https://www.motorolasolutions.com/en_xu/communities/en/think-public-safety.entry.html/2016/06/17/transforming_public-h8un.html>, accessed 11 July 2016.

34 Horseed Media, ‘Shooting in Somalia? Dial 888 for Police’, 2 December 2013.

35 Ibid.

36 AMISOM, ‘AMISOM Community Policing Drive Extends to Karaan District’, September 2015, <http://amisom-au.org/2015/09/amisom-community-policing-drive-extends-to-karaan-district/>, accessed 3 February 2016.

37 Ibid.

38 Coastweek.com, ‘Somali Security Build Mogadishu Community Policing Partnerships’, May 2015, <http://www.coastweek.com/3820-Somali-Police-and-AMISOM-build-community-policing-partnerships-in-Mogadishu.htm>, accessed 20 June 2016.

39 Ibid.; see also AMISOM News, ‘Somali Police and AMISOM Police Build Community Policing Paternerships in Mogadishu’, <http://amisom-au.org/2015/05/somali-police-and-amisom-police-build-community-policing-partnerships-in-mogadishu>/, accessed 26 January 2018.

40 Horseed Media, ‘Shooting in Somalia?’.

41 Personal communication with senior AMISOM officers, July 2016.

42 See Egal, ‘Police Corruption, Radicalization and Terrorist Attacks in Mogadishu’, p. 32.

43 Responsibility – and credit – for the 5555 line was disputed in 2015 when SWDC’s website repudiated links with UNSOM, although it now acknowledges international support. See Somali Women’s Development Centre (SWDC) website, <http://www.swdcsom.org/ceebla-crisis-line-5555/>, accessed 4 March 2017; UNSOM, ‘Somali IDPs Get Toll Free Line to Report Gender-Based Violence Cases’, 3 November 2015.

44 Author communications with SWDC officer, Mogadishu, 26 and 28 July 2016.

45 SWDC, ‘Peace Building & Reconciliation’, <http://www.swdcsom.org/peace-building-reconciliation/>, accessed 4 March 2017.

46 SWDC, ‘Community Security’, <http://www.swdcsom.org/what-we-do/community-security/>, accessed 4 March 2017.

47 Ibid.

48 12b, ‘Tenders | Installation of UN Provided CCTV Cameras in Mogadishu … ’, 2016, <https://www.tendersontime.com/tenders/africa/kenya/installation-of-un-provided-cctv-cameras-in-mogadishu-somalia-to-include-53acf7/>, accessed 4 March 2017.

49 Somalia UN MPTF 1 Rev. 6, ‘Programme Annual Progress Report. Period: Quarter 1 2017’, pp. 2, 15, 30.

50 Ibid.

51 Gianluca Mezzofiore, ‘How Terrorist Was Handed a Bomb AFTER Clearing Customs: Chilling Mogadishu Airport CCTV Shows Moment Somali Jet Bomber was Passed a Laptop Containing Hidden Explosives’, MailOnline, 7 February 2016.

52 Mogadishu Centre for Research & Studies (MCRS), ‘Mogadishu Police to Install Surveillance Cameras in Key City Places’, 14 June 2016, <http://mogadishucenter.com/English/2016/06/14/mogadishu-police-to-install-surveillance-cameras-in-key-city-places/>, accessed 21 June 2016.

53 AfricaLive, ‘Mogadishu: This is the CCTV Record of Today’s Explosion from Lido Beach’, January 2017, <http://africa.liveuamap.com/en/2017/2-january-mogadishu-this-is-the-cctv-record-of-todays-explosion>, accessed 9 February 2017.

54 Mohamed Jeelle, ‘Somalia: Hidden Cameras were Fixed on the Main Roads in Mogadishu for the First Time’, Mareeg.com, 5 February 2017.

55 Hussein Mohamed and Mohamed Ibrahim, ‘Car Bomb Kills at Least 6 and Injures 13 Others in Mogadishu’, New York Times, 30 July 2017.

56 See De Waal, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa, pp. 115–16, 119–23. In January 2018, the FGS announced that it will create an independent regulatory agency for telecommunications. See Balancing Act, ‘Somalia Takes Steps towards Establishing Regulator', 26 January 2018, <https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/telecoms-en/42549/somalia-takes-steps-towards-establishing-regulator>, accessed 30 January 2018.