Operation Payback: Soviet disinformation and alleged Nazi war criminals in North America

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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. Applebaum, Red Famine, 333–334.

2. Bertelsen, “Ukrainian and Jewish Émigrés as Targets of KGB Active Measures in the 1970s.”

3. Rid, Active Measures, 17–32.

4. On Bandera’s assassination, see, Plokhy, The Man with the Poison Gun.

5. Romerstein and Levchenko, The KGB against the ‘Main Enemy,’ 247–249, 310–311.

6. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, 489, 638; Soldatov and Borogan, The New Nobility, 55–56.

7. Bertelsen, “Ukrainian and Jewish Émigrés as Targets of KGB Active Measures in the 1970s,” 274.

8. Gentry, ‘Belated Success’.

9. Ibid.

10. Herbert, “Divide and Conquer: The Soviet Information Campaign against Ukrainians and Jews,” https://www.lucorg.com/2020/12/divide-and-conquer-the-kgb-disinformation-campaign-against-ukrainians-and-jews/ (accessed January 4, 2023).

11. On this case, see Douglas, The Right Wrong Man.

12. Hanusiak, Lest We Forget.

13. Garton Ash, “Orwell’s List.”

14. Applebaum, Red Famine, 336–337, 350–352.

15. Gentry, “Belated Success.”

16. Zuroff and Rudling, “Response to Olga Bertelsen’s Article.”

17. Shanes and Petrovsky-Schtern, “An Unlikely Alliance.”