The effects of cognitive-linguistic interventions to treat aphasia in the first 90 days post-stroke: A systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA 2020 (Page et al., 2021) flow diagram for new systematic reviews which included searches of databases and other sources.

Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria		Exclusion criteria
1.	Peer reviewed journal articles	1.	Systematic reviews, audit reports, commentary pieces, conference abstracts
2.	English language studies	2.	Non-experimental single case designs
3.	Quantitative study designs including RCTs, nonrandomised controlled trials (non-RCTs), single case experimental designs (SCEDs), cohort studies, quasiexperimental designs, and case series	3.	Diagnosis of aphasia due to cause other than stroke (i.e. traumatic brain injury, neurosurgical intervention, tumour, infection, or progressive neurological disease)
4.	Studies with and without comparison/control group	4.	Pharmacological interventions for aphasia (refer to Mead et al., 2013; Greener et al., 2001)
5.	RCTs from September 2015 onwards. This time point is set to ensure this review evaluates RCTs published after the most recent Cochrane Review (Brady et al., 2016)	5.	Acupuncture for aphasia (refer to Huang et al., 2020)
6.	Adults aged 18+ years with aphasia post-stroke	6.	Neurostimulation for aphasia (refer to Elsner et al., 2019)
7.	Structured cognitive-linguistic based aphasia intervention targeting impairments identified on language assessment
8.	Intervention provided by any mode of delivery
9.	Intervention provided in the first 90 days post-stroke

Table 2. PEDro scale quality assessment.

		Ciccone et al. 2016	Godecke et al. 2014	Godecke et al. 2020	Hoeg Dembrower et al. 2017	Kesav et al. 2017	Lim et al. 2013	Liu et al. 2022	Nouwens et al. 2017	Spaccavento et al. 2021	Woldag et al. 2017	Zhang et al. 2021
1.	Eligibility criteria specified (not scored)	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
2.	Random allocation to groups	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1
3.	Concealed allocation	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0
4.	Groups similar at baseline	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0
5.	Blinding of subjects	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
6.	Blinding of therapists	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
7.	Blinding of assessors	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0
8.	Measurement of >1 key outcome in >85% of participants	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
9.	Intention to treat analyses	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1
10.	Between group statistical comparison	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
11.	Point measures / Measures of variability	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
	Total score: (0-10)	8	6	9	4	6	3	8	8	8	8	5

Table 3. RoBiNT scale of quality assessment.

	Armour et al. 2021	Carpenter et al. 2016
1. Design with control	1	1
2. Randomisation	0	0
3. Sampling behaviour	0	1
4. Blinding of people involved in the intervention	0	0
5. Blinding of assessors	0	0
6. Interrater agreement	0	2
7. Treatment Adherence	0	0
8. Baseline characteristics	1	1
9. Setting	1	1
10. Dependent variable (target behaviour)	2	2
11. Independent variable (therapy/intervention)	1	2
12. Raw data record	2	2
13. Data analysis	1	2
14. Replication	2	2
15. Generalisation	2	2
Total (Out of 30)	13	18

Table 4. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-experimental Studies.

Table 5. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Series.

Figure 2. Meta-analysis of Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) versus traditional speech and language intervention

Figure 3. Meta-analysis of computer-based intervention plus speech and language intervention versus traditional speech and language therapy (in-person).

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