Planning for the cultural economy: lessons from Ontario, Canada

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of Municipalities (n = 33).

Municipality	Population (2016)	Governance Structure	Location of Cultural Services
Toronto	2,731,571	Single-tier	Development Services
Ottawa	934,243	Single-tier	Community Services
Mississauga	721,599	Lower-tier	Community Services
Brampton	593,638	Lower-tier	Development Services
Hamilton	536,917	Single-tier	Development Services
London	383,822	Single-tier	Community Services
Markham	328,966	Lower-tier	Development Services
Vaughan	306,233	Lower-tier	Development Services
Kitchener	233,222	Lower-tier	Development Services
Windsor	217,188	Single-tier	Community Services
Richmond Hill	195,022	Lower-tier	Community Services
Oakville	193,832	Lower-tier	Community Services
Burlington	183,314	Lower-tier	Development Services
Greater Sudbury	161,531	Single-tier	Development Services
Oshawa	159,458	Lower-tier	Community Services
Barrie	141,434	Single-tier	Development Services
St. Catharines	133,113	Lower-tier	Community Services
Guelph	131,794	Single-tier	Community Services
Cambridge	129,920	Lower-tier	Community Services
Whitby	128,377	Lower-tier	Community Services
Kingston	123,798	Single-tier	Community Services
Ajax	119,677	Lower-tier	Community Services
Milton	110,128	Lower-tier	Community Services
Thunder Bay	107,909	Single-tier	Community Services
Waterloo	104,986	Lower-tier	Development Services
Chatham-Kent	101,647	Single-tier	Community Services
Brantford	97,496	Single-tier	Development Services
Clarington	92,013	Lower-tier	Community Services
Pickering	91,771	Lower-tier	Community Services
Niagara Falls	88,071	Lower-tier	Community Services
New Market	84,224	Lower-tier	Community Services
Peterborough	81,032	Single-tier	Community Services
Kawartha Lakes	75,423	Single-tier	Community Services

Source: Statistics Canada; Authors.

Table 2. Cultural economy typology and sample keywords.

Category	Sample keywords
Traditional economic development	Infrastructure, marketing, tourism
Creative city	Quality of life, creative class, amenities, creative city(ies)
Cultural industries	Cultural industries, creative industries, film, digital media
Cultural occupations	Artists, performers, cultural workers, musicians
Cultural planning	Cultural planning, capacity building, cultural mapping
Other	Cultural sustainability, cultural development, cultural practices

Source: Authors’ elaboration of Grodach’s (2013).

Table 3. Keywords by category and document type.

Category	Economic development # (%)	Cultural planning # (%)
Traditional economic development	1,140 (60.5)	1,557 (31.7)
Creative city	116 (6.2)	631 (12.9)
Cultural industries	179 (9.5)	370 (7.4)
Cultural occupations	219 (11.6)	461 (9.4)
Cultural planning	173 (9.2)	1,136 (23.1)
Other	58 (3.1)	755 (15.4)
Total	1,885 (100)	4,910 (100)

Source: Authors’ calculations. Note numbers may not add due to rounding.

Table 4. Keyword occurrence by municipal population size and document type.

	Cultural Plans		Economic Development Strategies
Category	Population, 75,000 to 150,000 # (%)	Population, Greater than 150,000 # (%)	Population, 75,000 to 150,000 # (%)	Population, Greater than 150,000 # (%)
Trad. economic development	1,038 (36.4)	519 (25.2)	625 (65.9)	515 (55.0)
Creative city	372 (13.1)	259 (12.6)	44 (4.6)	72 (7.7)
Cultural industries	158 (5.5)	212 (10.3)	62 (6.5)	117 (12.5)
Cultural occupations	254 (8.9)	207 (10.0)	105 (11.1)	114 (12.2)
Cultural planning	600 (21.1)	536 (26.0)	85 (9.0)	88 (9.4)
Other	427 (15.0)	328 (15.9)	28 (2.9)	30 (3.2)
Total	2,849 (100.0)	2,061 (100.0)	949 (100.0)	936 (100.0)

Source: Authors’ calculations. Note numbers may not add due to rounding.

Table 5. Keyword occurrence by governance structure and document type.

	Cultural Plans		Economic Development Plans
Category	Single-tier municipalities # (%)	Lower-tier municipalities # (%)	Single-tier municipalities # (%)	Lower-tier municipalities # (%)
Trad. economic development	875 (33.3)	682 (29.9)	654 (61.6)	486 (59.0)
Creative city	385 (14.7)	246 (10.8)	49 (4.6)	67 (8.1)
Cultural industries	193 (7.3)	177 (7.8)	108 (10.2)	71 (8.6)
Cultural occupations	208 (7.9)	253 (11.1)	124 (11.7)	95 (11.5)
Cultural planning	578 (22.0)	558 (24.4)	107 (10.1)	66 (8.0)
Other	389 (14.8)	366 (16.0)	19 (1.8)	39 (4.7)
Total	2,628 (100.0)	2,282 (100.0)	1,061 (100.0)	824 (100.0)

Source: Authors’ calculations. Note numbers may not add due to rounding.

Table 6. Keyword Occurrence by Location of Cultural Services.

	Cultural Plans		Economic Development Plans
Category	Community Services # (%)	Development Services # (%)	Community Services # (%)	Development Services # (%)
Trad. economic development	1,160 (31.5)	397 (32.5)	756 (64.6)	384 (53.7)
Creative city	505 (13.7)	126 (10.3)	56 (4.8)	60 (8.4)
Cultural industries	233 (6.3)	137 (11.2)	92 (7.9)	87 (12.2)
Cultural occupations	319 (8.6)	142 (11.6)	126 (10.8)	93 (13.0)
Cultural planning	893 (24.2)	243 (19.9)	115 (9.8)	58 (8.1)
Other	578 (15.7)	177 (14.5)	25 (2.1)	33 (4.6)
Totals	3,688 (100.0)	1,222 (100.0)	1,170 (100.0)	715 (100.0)

Source: Authors’ calculations. Note numbers may not add due to rounding.

Grodach, C. (2013) Cultural economy planning in creative cities: Discourse and practice, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(5), pp. 1747–1765. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01165.x

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