Vestibular consequences of mild traumatic brain injury and blast exposure: a review

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of studies examining the frequency (%) of vestibular, balance, and ocular motor dysfunction in individuals with dizziness/imbalance/vertigo following traumatic brain injury (TBI).

	N	TBI severity	Symptom duration	BPPV	Caloric test	Ocular motor tests	cVEMP	SOT
Berman and Frederickson, 1978 [29]	140	44 mild	≤60 mos	14%	6%	3%	DNT	DNT
		96 mod		15%	21%	8%
Gannon et al., 1978 [74]	50	NA	X = 1.9 mos	NA	14%	NA	DNT	DNT
Tuohimaa, 1978 [18]	82	Mild	0–4 days	11%	9%	45%	DNT	DNT
			6 mos	5%	3%	7%
Davies and Luxon, 1995 [28]	100	72 mild 24 moderate, 4 severe	X = 28 mos	15%	51%	8%	DNT	DNT
Ernst et al., 2005 [30]	63	NA	≤24 hrs	57%	19%	5%	DNT	NA*
			X = 1.5 mos	NA	NA	NA	25%	27%
Lee et al., 2011 [75]	28	NA	>1 mos	NA	7%	NA	32%	DNT

TBI = traumatic brain injury; BPPV = benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; cVEMP = cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials; mos = months; yr = year; SOT = sensory organization test; NA = data not available, DNT = did not test.

*Only group means provided (no individual data).

Table 2. Summary of studies examining the frequency (%) of vestibular, balance, and ocular motor dysfunction in individuals with dizziness/imbalance following blast exposure.

	N	TBI	BPPV (%)	Caloric test (%)	Ocular motor test	cVEMP	SOT
Shupak et al., 1993 [8]	5	NS	20	40	NA	DNT	DNT
Van Campen et al., 1999 [9]	27	16/27	11	7	4%	DNT	44%
Cohen et al., 2002 [13]	17	NS	6	0	NA	DNT	46%
Akin and Murnane, 2011 [38]	31	15/31	3	23	3%	52%	52%
Scherer et al., 2011 [31]	11	5/11	9	9	45%	29%*	NA**

TBI = traumatic brain injury; BPPV = benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; cVEMP = cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials; mos = months; yr = year; SOT = sensory organization test; NA = data not available; NS = not specified; DNT = did not test.

*Based on absent response as cVEMP amplitudes not available.

**Only group means provided (no individual data).

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