Living and ageing with stroke: an exploration of conditions influencing participation in social and leisure activities over 15 years

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the participants at stroke onset and previous follow-ups (n = 10).

Participant no.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Education*	Average	Average	Low	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Average	Low
Occupation before stroke	Studying	Working	Sick leave	Working part time	Retired	Retired	Working	Working	Sick leave	Retired
Living situation before stroke	Co-habiting	Co-habiting	Co-habiting	Co-habiting	Co-habiting	Co-habiting	Alone	Co-habiting	Co-habiting	Alone
Stroke severity (NIHSS)	Mod. severe	Moderate	Mild	Mild	Mild	Mod. severe	Mild	Mild	Mild	Moderate
Cognitive impairment after 16 months (MMSE ≤24)	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Self-rated motor impairment after 16 months	Upper extr.	Upper & lower extr.	Upper extr.	No	No	Upper & lower extr.	Upper & lower extr.	No	Upper & lower extr.	Lower extr.
Disability after 10 years (MRS, 0–5)	1	2	0	2	0	5	0	4	2	1
Social and leisure activity after 10 years (FAI-CSC, 0–9)	5	9	9	8	9	3	3	3	0	8

*Low ≤ 9 years, Average = 10–12 years, High > 12 years/univ.

NIHSS: the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Mild = 0–4, moderate = 5–14, mod. severe = 15–24, very severe = 25–42 (47).

MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination (48).

MRS: Modified Ranking Scale. 0 = no symptoms, 1 = no significant disability despite symptoms, 2 = slight disability, 3 = moderate disability, 4 = moderately severe disability, 5 = severe disability (49).

FAI-CSC: Frenchay Activities Index-Community Social and Civic life domain. Graded 0–9, from never to at least once per week (18).

Note: Age and gender not included in the table to limit identification.

Table 2. Overview of the theme, main categories and sub-categories describing conditions influencing participation in social and leisure activities.

Theme	A dynamic transaction of personal and contextual conditions changing with time and ageing.
Main categories	Personal characteristics	Having social and supportive networks	Being dependent on others	Having access to valued activities and contexts	Being motivated to participate	Perceiving sufficient capacity to participate
Sub-categories	Basic personality traits, attitudes and ideologies Internal resources Time of life	Maintaining previous and making new social contacts Receiving informal support Receiving professional support and rehabilitation	Being dependent on other people’s help Being dependent on other people’s priorities and needs	Having efficient transportation Being in a supportive environment Having sufficient financial resources	Perceiving a positive value of activities Having come to terms with the situation	Experiencing stroke related impairments and other health issues Individual consequences of changes in function and health

Figure 1. Illustration of the transaction of conditions influencing participation in social and leisure activities over time.

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