A prospective observational cohort study of traumatic brain injury in the northern region of Sweden

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the study cohort

Category Subcategory		Age group (years)
		< 18		18–29		30–49		50–64		65–79		80–99		Total
		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Gender	Male	13	68	40	67	30	73	36	71	38	56	34	54	191	63
	Female	6	32	20	33	11	27	15	29	30	44	29	46	111	37
Glasgow Coma Scale score	< 9	1	5	9	15	4	10	6	12	9	13	0	0	29	10
	9–12	1	5	1	2	5	12	6	12	7	10	1	2	21	7
	13–15	17	89	50	83	32	78	39	76	52	76	62	98	252	83
Injury type	Crush	15	79	35	58	22	54	16	31	19	28	7	11	114	38
	Blunt/closed	4	21	25	42	18	44	32	63	47	69	52	83	178	59
	Penetrating	0	0	0	0	1	2	3	6	2	3	4	6	10	3
Injury mechanism	Road traffic accident	4	21	36	60	16	39	12	24	12	18	5	8	85	28
	Fall accident	9	47	12	20	20	49	35	69	56	82	58	92	190	63
	Assault	0	0	5	8	3	7	2	4	0	0	0	0	10	3
	Sport/recreational	6	32	5	8	1	2	1	2	0	0	0	0	13	4
	Self-harm	0	0	2	3	1	2	1	2	0	0	0	0	4	1
Place injury occurred	Street/traffic	5	26	31	52	14	34	10	20	12	18	8	13	80	26
	Home	1	5	5	8	7	17	20	39	41	60	46	73	120	40
	Public place	6	32	12	20	12	29	16	31	15	22	9	14	70	23
	Work	0	0	2	3	5	12	4	8	0	0	0	0	11	4
	Sports field/hall	7	37	10	17	3	7	1	2	0	0	0	0	21	7
Mortality	Dead	1	5	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	3	5	8	3
	Alive	18	95	59	98	40	98	50	98	67	99	60	95	294	97

Figure 1. The age (5 year interval) and gender distribution of TBI.

Table 2. Characteristics of the required neurosurgical interventions

	Glasgow Coma Scale score
	< 9 (n = 29)		9–12 (n = 21)		13–15 (n = 252)		Total (n = 302)
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total neurosurgical interventions	22	76	11	52	10	4	43	14
Type of neurosurgical intervention	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Craniotomy	10	45	4	36	9	90	23	53
Craniectomy	5	22	2	18	0	0	7	16
Insertion of ICP monitoring device^1	20	91	8	73	1	10	28	65
External ventricular drainage^2	8	36	3	27	0	0	11	26

Total neurosurgical interventions and type of neurosurgical intervention in numbers and percentage. The percentage of type of neurosurgical intervention is the percentage of the numbers under total neurosurgical interventions. ICP: intracranial pressure, ¹denotes an intraparenchymal device. ²Used for ICP measurement and drainage.

Table 3. Characteristics of the CT results

			Glasgow Coma Scale Score
			<9 (n = 29)		9–12 (n = 21)		13–15 (n = 252)		14–15 (n = 241)
			n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Abnormal CT scan			28	97	14	67	59	23	53	22
Type of pathology:
Compressed basal cisterns			12	43	5	36	5	8	4	8
Midlineshift – total			13	46	10	71	12	20	10	19
	0–4 mm		4	14	6	43	6	10	5	9
	> 5 mm		7	25	3	21	6	10	5	9
	> 10 mm		2	7	1	7	0	0	0	0
tSAH			19	68	7	50	31	53	27	51
EDH			7	25	1	7	5	8	5	9
ASDH			26	93	6	43	25	42	22	42
Contusions			25	89	8	57	21	36	18	34

Abnormal CT scan and type of pathology in numbers and percentage. The percentage of type of pathology is based on the total number of patients with abnormal CT scan within each GCS group. Each CT scan may show several pathologies. tSAH: traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. EDH: epidural hematoma. ASDH: acute subdural hematoma.

Figure 2. The percentage of patients with abnormal CT-results within each severity of TBI. The difference between each group was statistically significant using chi-squared test.

CT: Computer tomography. TBI: Traumatic brain injury.

Figure 3. The percentage of patients required neurosurgical intervention. The difference between each group was statistically significant evaluated using chi-squared test.

Figure 4. a. The percentage of patients admitted to hospital. b. Hospital admission for each severity of TBI divided by age-groups.