Cognitive and emotional impairment in stroke survivors: insights from a multi-center study on inpatient rehabilitation therapy

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the participants.

Sample description	n	Percentage
Sex
Male	1193	63.32%
Female	690	36.62%
Age, y	62 (14, 111)
Height, cm	162 (118, 187)
Weight, kg	62 (35,135)
BMI, kg/m^2	23.50 (13.52, 48.84)
Marital status
Never married	69	3.66%
Married	1673	88.80%
Partner	13	0.69%
Widowed	91	4.83%
Separated	3	0.16%
Divorced	31	1.65%
Stroke onset
<7d	664	35.24%
8 - 14d	240	12.74%
15 - 30d	263	13.96%
31 - 60d	188	9.98%
>60d	517	27.44%
Complication
HTN	1096	58.17%
DM	152	8.07%

HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Table 2. Sub-group analysis of the impairment cognition and emotion based on demographic characteristics.

	No cognitive impairment	Cognitive impairment	p value	No emotional impairment	Emotional impairment	p value
Age
<60 years	308	537	0.245	406	439	0.020*
≥60 years	352	687		555	484
Sex
Male	404	789	0.156	614	579	0.580
Female	256	434		346	344
HTN
Without	293	495	0.097	424	364	0.039*
With	367	729		537	559
DM
Without	600	1132	0.231	887	845	0.550
With	60	92		74	78
Marital status
Never married	17	52	0.743	29	40	0.086
Married	601	1072		874	799
Partner	3	10		4	9
Widowed	25	66		40	51
Separated	2	1		1	2
Divorced	11	20		12	19
Stroke onset
<7d	323	341	0.000*	434	230	0.000*
8 - 14d^#†	52	188		80	160
15 - 30d^#†	49	214		87	176
31 - 60d^#†	39	149		74	114
>60d^#	192	325		278	239

*Compared with-in group, p < 0.05.

^#Compared with the onset duration <7 days.

†Compared with the onset duration >60 days.

Score of zero was considered non-impairment in this study.

Table 3. Patients with cognitive or emotional abnormalities on admission and discharge.

	T0 (n)	Percentage	T1 (n)	Percentage
Cognitive impairment (C1-C4)	1224	64.97%	1103	58.55%
Emotional disorder (E1-E2)	877	46.55%	700	37.15%
Behavior abnormality (E3)	196	10.40%	191	10.14%
Complex cognitive and emotional disorder	741	39.33%	553	29.35%

Abbreviations: T0, admission assessment; T1, discharge assessment. C, cognition section; E, emotional and behavior section; C1, cognitive skills for daily decision making; C2, periodic disordered thinking or awareness; C3, acute change in mental status from person`s usual functioning; E1, indicators of possible depression, anxiety, or sad mood; E2, self-reported mood; E3, behavior symptoms.

Table 4. Effect of hospitalization on cognition and emotion on admission and discharge.

	T0	T1	p -value *
C1	1.28 ± 1.46	1.0 ± 1.30	0.000
C2	0.87 ± 1.21	0.74 ± 1.16	0.000
C3	0.62 ± 1.32	0.49 ± 1.15	0.000
C4	0.10 ± 0.29	0.07 ± 0.25	0.000
Total C	2.87 ± 3.47	2.28 ± 3.15	0.000
E1	1.64 ± 3.22	1.19 ± 2.71	0.000
E2	2.45 ± 5.64	1.57 ± 4.87	0.000
E3	0.29 ± 1.14	0.25 ± 1.03	0.095
Total E	4.32 ± 7.67	3.01 ± 6.65	0.000

Values are presented as mean (standard deviation).

Abbreviations: T0, admission assessment; T1, discharge assessment. C, cognition section; E, emotional and behavior section; C1, cognitive skills for daily decision making; C2, periodic disordered thinking or awareness; C3, acute change in mental status from person`s usual functioning; E1, indicators of possible depression, anxiety, or sad mood; E2, self-reported mood; E3, behavior symptoms.

*p < 0.05, Wilcoxon t-test.

Figure 1. The improved cognitive and emotional function during hospitalization based on demographic characteristics.