Pragmatic language impairment in children with Noonan syndrome

Figures & data

Table 1. CCC-2 scaled scores (a high score indicates better language ability): Means and standard deviations, Levene’s test for equality of variances, t-test, and effect size for the NS group and the TD group.¹

	Groups
	NS		TD				t-test for equality of means
n/gender (male/female)	17 (12/5)		17(11/6)		Levene’s test for equality of variances					95% confidence interval of the difference
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	F	Significance	t (df)	p	Mean difference	Lower	Upper	Effect size d
A. Speech	7.18	3.59	9.82	2.27	7.11	0.01	−2.57 (27)	ns	−2.65	−4.76	−0.53	0.6
B. Syntax	6.71	3.57	9.82	2.56	4.68	0.04	−2.93 (29)	ns	−3.12	−5.29	−0.94	1.0
C. Semantics	4.75	3.07	10.18	2.96	0.12	0.74	−5.17 (31)	ns	−5.43	−7.57	−3.28	1.8
D. Coherence	5.29	3.12	10.88	2.93	0.004	0.95	−5.38 (32)	<.001	−5.59	−7.70	−3.47	1.8
E. Inappropriate initiation	4.88	3.00	10.94	3.09	0.11	0.74	−5.80 (32)	<.001	−6.06	−8.18	−3.93	2.0
F. Stereotyped language	5.82	3.13	10.29	2.71	1.21	0.28	−4.45 (31)	<.001	−4.47	−6.51	−2.43	1.5
G. Use of context	3.53	2.63	9.65	2.50	0.02	0.90	−6.96 (32)	<.001	−6.12	−7.91	−4.33	2.4
H. Nonverbal communication	6.59	2.62	10.12	2.50	0.17	0.68	−4.02 (32)	<.001	−3.53	−5.32	−1.74	1.4
I. Social relations	6.76	3.78	10.65	2.06	3.97	0.06	−3.72 (25)	0.001	−3.88	−6.01	−1.75	1.3
J. Interests	5.06	2.59	10.76	2.80	0.53	0.47	−6.18 (32)	<.001	−5.71	−7.59	−3.82	2.1

¹Student’s independent sample t-test; Bonferroni-corrected p=0.005.

CCC-2= Children’s Communication Checklist Second Edition; NS = the group with Noonan syndrome; TD= typically developing comparison group; ns = not significant.

Table 2. CCC-2 composite scores (a high score indicates better language ability): means and standard deviations, Levene’s test for equality of variances, t-test, and effect size for the NS group and the TD group.¹

	Groups
	NS		TD				t-test for equality of means
n/gender (male/female)	17 (12/5)		17 (11/6)		Levene’s test for equality of variances					95% confidence interval of the difference
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	F	Significance	t (df)	p	Mean difference	Lower	Upper	Effect size d
General communication composite	44.53	19.93	82.18	16.75	1.24	.27	−5.964(31)	<.001	−37.65	−50.52	−24.77	2.05
Social interaction deviance score	−0.47	10.0	1.59	5.97	3.83	.06	0.73(26)	ns	−2.06	2.06	−7.87	0.25
Pragmatic composite	26.12	13.05	51.88	11.33	.71	.41	6.15(32)	<.001	−25.76	−25.76	−34.30	2.11

¹Student’s independent sample t-test.

CCC-2= Children’s Communication Checklist Second Edition; NS = the group with Noonan syndrome; TD= typically developing comparison group.

Figure 1. The pragmatic composite scores for the Noonan syndrome (NS) group and the typically developing (TD) controls.